A thin metallo-dielectric stacked metamaterial as “add-on” for magnetic field enhancement in clinical MRI

Abstract

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a widely used clinical diagnostic tool, which is based on the principle of nuclear magnetic resonance of hydrogen atoms in human body. The Larmor frequency of precession of the hydrogen atoms is determined by the strength of static magnetic field ( B0) of MRI. A higher B0 can directly improve signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of MRI. However, this method involves expensive hardware installation, which could have adverse effects of tissue-heating and make MRI unsafe for patients with medical implants. Hence, efforts have been made to increase the SNR of MRI without increasing B0. An effective solution in this direction would be to boost the radiofrequency (RF) magnetic fields emitted by the body part undergoing scan, particularly by using metamaterials. The higher the received RF signal strength, the greater the SNR of MRI. For a metamaterial to be used as an “add-on” in commercial scanners, its dimensions need to be designed appropriately so that it fits in the available gap between the transceiver coil and the human body. In this article, a 10-mm-thick metallo-dielectric metamaterial is designed by a stacking of alternate square-shaped capacitive patches and inductive apertures for enhancing the RF magnetic flux density and hence, the SNR of a 1.5 T MRI system. The inter-layer electromagnetic coupling in the stacked structure is deployed for spatial localization of magnetic fields at the resonant frequency (∼64 MHz) which is equal to the Larmor frequency of 1.5 T MRI. An equivalent circuit model, comprising a lumped-element third order bandpass filter, validated the transmissivity characteristics of the metamaterial obtained using full-wave simulations. Magnetic flux density enhancement by a factor of 55 is obtained when the metamaterial add-on is placed between a surface coil and a bio-model of human head.

A non-linear triangular split-ring based metaresonator for targeted scanning at 1.5T MRI

“…The proposed metaresonator for 1.5T MRI application is shown in figure 1(b). The metaresonator having dimensions 140 mm × 140 mm × 10 mm, comprises a modified equiangular triangular split-ring structure made of copper printed on a solid dielectric ceramic block made of Barium Titanate having permittivity 1000 [17]. Vertical conductors emanate from the ends of the split-ring at the central region for increasing the effective length of the current path which enhances the magnetic field distribution at resonance.…”

“…Magnetic field homogeneity is enhanced near wire-based metamaterials using tunable copper plates [16]. A 2D periodic metasurface [17] based on stacked metal dielectric layers has been proposed for RF magnetic flux density enhancement of 1.5T MRI. By and large, the works related to the application of metamaterials for magnetic field boosting in MRI revolve around linear metamaterial designs [12][13][14][15][16][17] which have fixed properties.…”

“…A 2D periodic metasurface [17] based on stacked metal dielectric layers has been proposed for RF magnetic flux density enhancement of 1.5T MRI. By and large, the works related to the application of metamaterials for magnetic field boosting in MRI revolve around linear metamaterial designs [12][13][14][15][16][17] which have fixed properties. They enhance magnetic flux density both during transmission and reception of RF pulses during MRI scans.…”