A three-phases model for the simulation of landslide-generated waves using the improved conservative level set method

Abstract

This paper introduces a three-phases model based on the finite element method to simulate the generation and propagation of landslide-generated impulse waves, and this model can be employed to predict and prevent wave-induced hazards. The fluid-like landslide mass is treated as a non-Newtonian viscoplastic fluid. The motion of landslides, water and air is modelled by the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations and the interfaces between these three phases are captured with the n-phases improved conservative level set method which can preserve mass and provide precious interface parameters, including normals and curvatures. The conservative feature of this method is proven by the threephases Zalesak slotted disk test case. This method is then adopted to simulate the impulse wave generated by the Lituya Bay landslide and the current outputs are compared with other existing results. Finally, this verified model is utilized to model the impulse waves generated by the Halaowo landslide near the Xiangjiaba Dam in the Jinsha River and the results could provide references for further protective activities.

The 1958 Lituya Bay tsunami – pre-event bathymetry reconstruction and 3D numerical modelling utilising the computational fluid dynamics software Flow-3D

“…In recent decades, the awareness of natural hazard events such as tsunamis in lakes and artificial basins (known as impulse waves) has increased since several disasters occurred (e.g. Tafjord, Norway, in 1934, Holmsen, 1936Furseth, 1958;Harbitz et al, 1993;Braathen et al, 2004;Lituya Bay, Alaska, USA, in 1958, Miller, 1960Vajont, Italy, in 1963, Paronuzzi andBolla, 2012;Chehalis lake, Canada, in 2007, Wang et al, 2015Aysen Fjord, Chile, in 2007, Sepúlveda et al, 2010Taan Fjord, Alaska, USA, in 2015, Haeussler et al, 2018Karrat Fjord, Greenland, in 2017, Gauthier et al, 2017. Such tsunamis can be induced by both sub-aquatic and subaerial landslides (Basu et al, 2010).…”

“…The generation of impulse waves in lakes or fjords is often caused by a quantity of slope material collapsing and impact- (Miller, 1960) on the opposite slope with respect to the impact area are indicated (topography data from © Google Earth Pro 7.3.2.5776; last access: 24 April 2020). Figure 2.…”

“…(a) Northeast-directed overview of rockslide detachment area. (b) Northwest-directed overview towards Gilbert Inlet: the blue line shows the tsunami trimline on Gilbert Head as mapped by Miller (1960), dotted red lines are related to pre-1958 event scar areas on this slope, and dotted yellow lines are related to a slide that is supposed to be coincident with the earthquake of 9 July 1958 as interpreted by Miller (1960) (topography data from © Google Earth Pro 7.3.2.5776; last access: 24 April 2020).…”

Modeling the Slump-Type Landslide Tsunamis Part II: Numerical Simulation of Tsunamis with Bingham Landslide Model

“…The numerical study can be used to identify the important factors in determining wave characteristics [10]. Studies [17,20,21] have attempted to develop mathematical models and innovate algorithms to research the phenomenon of landslide tsunamis [22]. In recent years, the numerical models solving the shallow water equations [23][24][25], Boussinesq-type equation [26,27], and Navier-Stokes equations [20,[28][29][30] have been proposed.…”

Efficient and Accurate 3-D Numerical Modelling of Landslide Tsunami

“…Studies have attempted to develop mathematical models and algorithmic innovations [14][15][16] to study and explain the phenomenon of landslide tsunamis [5]. In recent years, numerical models have based on the shallow water equation [4,17], Boussinesq-type model [18,19], and Navier-Stokes equation [16,[20][21][22] have been used. Wang et al [23] proposed a new method for considering dry-wet boundary treatment of a slider into water, coupled with the shallow water equation of the wave.…”