A transgene encoding a blue-light receptor, phot1, restores blue-light responses in the Arabidopsis phot1 phot2 double mutant

Doi, Mitsunobu; Shigenaga, Ayako; Emi, Takashi; Kinoshita, Toshinori; Shimazaki, Ken Ichiro

doi:10.1093/jxb/erh044

Cited by 74 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…It has been shown that both the stomatal pore of leaf epidermal peels of the phot1 phot2 (Kinoshita et al, 2001) and cry1 cry2 (Mao et al, 2005) double mutants of Arabidopsis and the stomatal conductance of intact phot1 phot2 leaves (Doi et al, 2004) have severely impaired responses to blue light added to a background of red light. Based on these observations, it would be reasonable to predict that phot and cry are the receptors of the blue light-specific system involved in stomatal opening (although the role of cry had already been challenged; Shimazaki et al, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In isolated epidermal peels of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaves, the blue light-induced promotion of the aperture of the stomatal pore is severely impaired in the phototropin1 phototropin2 (phot1 phot2) double mutant (Kinoshita et al, 2001) and the cry1 cry2 mutant (Mao et al, 2005). Furthermore, stomatal conductance fails to respond to blue light in intact leaves of the phot1 phot2 mutant (Doi et al, 2004). Since cry (Cashmore et al, 1999) and phot (Huala et al, 1997;Kagawa et al, 2001) are blue light photoreceptors, they could be directly involved in the perception of the blue light signal inducing stomatal aperture.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Phototropins But Not Cryptochromes Mediate the Blue Light-Specific Promotion of Stomatal Conductance, While Both Enhance Photosynthesis and Transpiration under Full Sunlight

et al. 2011

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Leaf epidermal peels of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutants lacking either phototropins 1 and 2 (phot1 and phot2) or cryptochromes 1 and 2 (cry1 and cry2) exposed to a background of red light show severely impaired stomatal opening responses to blue light. Since phot and cry are UV-A/blue light photoreceptors, they may be involved in the perception of the blue light-specific signal that induces the aperture of the stomatal pores. In leaf epidermal peels, the blue light-specific effect saturates at low irradiances; therefore, it is considered to operate mainly under the low irradiance of dawn, dusk, or deep canopies. Conversely, we show that both phot1 phot2 and cry1 cry2 have reduced stomatal conductance, transpiration, and photosynthesis, particularly under the high irradiance of full sunlight at midday. These mutants show compromised responses of stomatal conductance to irradiance. However, the effects of phot and cry on photosynthesis were largely nonstomatic. While the stomatal conductance phenotype of phot1 phot2 was blue light specific, cry1 cry2 showed reduced stomatal conductance not only in response to blue light, but also in response to red light. The levels of abscisic acid were elevated in cry1 cry2. We conclude that considering their effects at high irradiances cry and phot are critical for the control of transpiration and photosynthesis rates in the field. The effects of cry on stomatal conductance are largely indirect and involve the control of abscisic acid levels.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Phototropins But Not Cryptochromes Mediate the Blue Light-Specific Promotion of Stomatal Conductance, While Both Enhance Photosynthesis and Transpiration under Full Sunlight

et al. 2011

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“…The stomatal aperture in the abaxial epidermis was measured by microscopic examination (Eclipse TS100; Nikon) 11 . Stomatal conductance and photosynthetic CO 2 assimilation were determined using a gas-exchange system (LI-6400, Li-Cor) 18 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We generated antibodies against the C-terminal region and phosphorylated Ser-348 of BLUS1 by immunizing rabbits with recombinant GST-BLUS1 (K294-G487) and a synthetic phospho-BLUS1 peptide (KNRRIpSGWNF), respectively. Antibodies against phot1, phot2 and H þ -ATPase were described previously 12,18,19 . Phosphorylation levels of phot1 and the H þ -ATPase were determined by protein blotting using 36).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phosphorylation of BLUS1 kinase by phototropins is a primary step in stomatal opening

et al. 2013

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Opening of stomata in the plant facilitates photosynthetic CO 2 fixation and transpiration. Blue-light perception by phototropins (phot1, phot2) activates the plasma membrane H þ -ATPase, causing stomata to open. Here we describe a regulator that connects these components, a Ser/Thr protein kinase, BLUS1 (BLUE LIGHT SIGNALING1), which mediates a primary step for phototropin signalling in guard cells. blus1 mutants identified by infrared thermography result in a loss of blue light-dependent stomatal opening. BLUS1 encodes a protein kinase that is directly phosphorylated by phot1 in vitro and in vivo at Ser-348 within its C-terminus. Both phosphorylation of Ser-348 and BLUS1 kinase activity are essential for activation of the H þ -ATPase. blus1 mutants show lower stomatal conductance and CO 2 assimilation than wild-type plants under decreased ambient CO 2 . Together, our analyses demonstrate that BLUS1 functions as a phototropin substrate and primary regulator of stomatal control to enhance photosynthetic CO 2 assimilation under natural light conditions.

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“…This response has been shown to involve the activation of a plasma membrane H 1 -ATPase (Kinoshita and Shimazaki, 1999), although the steps leading up to this activation are not clear. The receptor for this response has yet to be identified unequivocally, and there is evidence supporting both zeaxanthin Talbott et al, 2003) and phototropins Doi et al, 2004) for this role. The RL response is also poorly understood, but many data suggest the involvement of guard cell photosynthetic processes.…”

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confidence: 99%

Evidence for Involvement of Photosynthetic Processes in the Stomatal Response to CO2

2006

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Stomatal conductance (g s ) typically declines in response to increasing intercellular CO 2 concentration (c i ). However, the mechanisms underlying this response are not fully understood. Recent work suggests that stomatal responses to c i and red light (RL) are linked to photosynthetic electron transport. We investigated the role of photosynthetic electron transport in the stomatal response to c i in intact leaves of cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) plants by examining the responses of g s and net CO 2 assimilation rate to c i in light and darkness, in the presence and absence of the photosystem II inhibitor 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU), and at 2% and 21% ambient oxygen. Our results indicate that (1) g s and assimilation rate decline concurrently and with similar spatial patterns in response to DCMU; (2) the response of g s to c i changes slope in concert with the transition from Rubisco-to electron transport-limited photosynthesis at various irradiances and oxygen concentrations; (3) the response of g s to c i is similar in darkness and in DCMU-treated leaves, whereas the response in light in non-DCMU-treated leaves is much larger and has a different shape; (4) the response of g s to c i is insensitive to oxygen in DCMU-treated leaves or in darkness; and (5) stomata respond normally to RL when c i is held constant, indicating the RL response does not require a reduction in c i by mesophyll photosynthesis. Together, these results suggest that part of the stomatal response to c i involves the balance between photosynthetic electron transport and carbon reduction either in the mesophyll or in guard cell chloroplasts.

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A transgene encoding a blue-light receptor, phot1, restores blue-light responses in the Arabidopsis phot1 phot2 double mutant

Cited by 74 publications

References 17 publications

Phototropins But Not Cryptochromes Mediate the Blue Light-Specific Promotion of Stomatal Conductance, While Both Enhance Photosynthesis and Transpiration under Full Sunlight

Phototropins But Not Cryptochromes Mediate the Blue Light-Specific Promotion of Stomatal Conductance, While Both Enhance Photosynthesis and Transpiration under Full Sunlight

Phosphorylation of BLUS1 kinase by phototropins is a primary step in stomatal opening

Evidence for Involvement of Photosynthetic Processes in the Stomatal Response to CO2

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