A transient surge of ghrelin secretion before feeding is modified by different feeding regimens in sheep

Sugino, Toshihisa; Yamaura, Junji; Yamagishi, Masako; Ogura, Atsushi; Hayashi, Reiko; Kurose, Yohei; Kojima, Masayasu; Kangawa, Kenji; Hasegawa, Yoshihisa; Terashima, Yoshiaki

doi:10.1016/s0006-291x(02)02572-x

Cited by 110 publications

(71 citation statements)

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“…One short-term study noted ghrelin and hunger increased prior to voluntary meal requests in the absence of time and food related cues (7). However, all participants in that study habitually consumed three meals per day and the present findings, coupled with others (29,35,36), indicate this may just reflect residual training effects. After a 4-day fast, ghrelin concentrations decrease (23), possibly reflecting an attenuation of the meal-related anticipatory rise.…”

Section: Ghrelin and Appetitesupporting

confidence: 38%

“…Therefore, the preprandial ghrelin rise may occur more as a conditioned response. This observation is supported by a study in sheep revealing that different feeding regimens alter ghrelin profiles (36). In Suffolk rams fed either ad libitum or entrained to a 2 or 4 meal per day schedule, plasma ghrelin levels increased prior to each eating occasion in the meal-fed sheep whereas levels remained relatively stable in the ad libitum-fed animals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

“…In vitro, ghrelin induces a phase advance in suprachiasmatic nucleus slices, suggestive of an influence on endogenous circadian rhythms (45). A transient ghrelin surge occurs before each meal in sheep entrained to two or four meals per day, whereas there is no significant change in plasma ghrelin in sheep fed ad libitum (36). A similar study in rats noted a significant increase in plasma ghrelin levels over the 2 h prior to meal time in meal-trained rats, but no increase in ad libitum-fed rats (14).…”

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confidence: 96%

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Possible entrainment of ghrelin to habitual meal patterns in humans

Frecka

Mattes²

2008

American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physi

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Frecka JM, Mattes RD. Possible entrainment of ghrelin to habitual meal patterns in humans. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 294: G699-G707, 2008. First published January 10, 2008 doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00448.2007.-Ghrelin is reportedly a meal-initiation signal based on observations that concentrations increase before meals coincident with rising hunger. However, evidence that ghrelin peaks vary with feeding schedules suggests that it rises in anticipation of an expected meal, rather than eliciting feeding. To explore the entrainment of ghrelin profiles, this study investigated the association between varying habitual meal patterns and plasma ghrelin concentrations. Lean and obese adults following either a short intermeal interval (SII) pattern, with 2.5-3.5 h between their habitual breakfast and lunch times, or a long intermeal interval (LII) pattern, with 5.5-6.5 h between these eating occasions, participated. Food intake and appetite were recorded for 2 baseline days. On the subsequent test day, blood samples were collected over 8 h while participants ate a breakfast and lunch matched to their customary meals and pattern. Appetite ratings were obtained and ghrelin, insulin, glucose, and leptin concentrations were measured. Peak ghrelin concentrations differed significantly by group and occurred prior to each group's respective lunch time. Ghrelin concentrations directly correlated with subjective hunger. This association was stronger when hunger preceded ghrelin, a pattern inconsistent with ghrelin causing the hunger rise. Ghrelin concentrations were inversely correlated with insulin, and peak insulin concentrations preceded nadir ghrelin concentrations postprandially. Ghrelin concentrations periprandially, and over the entire test session, did not differ by meal group, likely because of similar intakes between groups. These data demonstrate that the timing of ghrelin peaks is related to habitual meal patterns and may rise in anticipation of eating rather than eliciting feeding.hunger; appetite; food intake; satiety; gut hormone HORMONES SECRETED BY ADIPOSE tissue reportedly signal chronic adiposity whereas peptides secreted from the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas provide more acute signals that may influence eating behavior (44). Multiple peptides may mediate meal size and frequency (41), but only ghrelin is posited to stimulate hunger and initiate meal ingestion. Support for this role is multifold. Intracerebroventricular and intraperitoneal ghrelin injections increase food intake and body weight in rodents (29,43). Additionally, infusion of anti-ghrelin antibodies into the rat brain suppresses fasting-induced feeding. However, food intake and responses to starvation do not differ between ghrelin-null mice and wild-type littermates (37), suggesting that the relationship between ghrelin and intake is not necessarily causal or absolute. In humans, ghrelin increases preprandially (8, 14, 35) followed by a postprandial decline (4), and infusions have increased energy intake by 28% (15, 42). Additionally,...

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Section: Ghrelin and Appetitesupporting

confidence: 38%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

mentioning

confidence: 96%

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Possible entrainment of ghrelin to habitual meal patterns in humans

Frecka

Mattes²

2008

American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physi

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“…Regarding the ghrelin rise, a priming effect of customary food consumption on ghrelin secretion is supported by an experimental study in sheep, showing a change in the ghrelin secretion pattern produced by different feeding regimes (22). By analogy, serum insulin levels increase just before an expected meal.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Spontaneous 24-h ghrelin secretion pattern in fasting subjects: maintenance of a meal-related pattern

et al. 2005

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Objective: Ghrelin stimulates GH release and causes weight gain through increased food intake and reduced fat utilization. Ghrelin levels were shown to rise in the preprandial period and decrease shortly after meal consumption, suggesting a role as a possible meal initiator. However, ghrelin secretion in fasting subjects has not yet been studied in detail. Design: 24-h ghrelin profiles were studied in six healthy volunteers (three females; 25.5 years; body mass index 22.8 kg/m 2 ) and compared with GH, insulin and glucose levels. Methods: Blood samples were taken every 20 min during a 24-h fasting period and total ghrelin levels were measured by RIA using a polyclonal rabbit antibody. The circadian pattern of ghrelin secretion and pulsatility (Cluster analysis) were evaluated. Results: An increase and spontaneous decrease in ghrelin were seen at the timepoints of customary meals. Ghrelin was secreted in a pulsatile manner with approximately 8 peaks/24 h. An overall decrease in ghrelin levels was observed during the study period. There was no correlation of ghrelin with GH, insulin or blood glucose levels. Conclusions: This pilot study indicates that fasting ghrelin profiles display a circadian pattern similar to that described in people eating three times per day. In a fasting condition, GH, insulin and glucose do not appear to be involved in ghrelin regulation. In addition, we found that ghrelin is secreted in a pulsatile pattern. The variation in ghrelin independently of meals in fasting subjects supports previous observations that it is the brain that is primarily involved in the regulation of meal initiation.European Journal of Endocrinology 152 845-850

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“…27 In sheep, the preprandial ghrelin surge is higher in animals fed twice daily than in animals fed 4 times daily, indicating that different feeding regimens influence ghrelin concentrations. 108 The preprandial increase and postpran- 107 Because ghrelin is a potent stimulator of GH release, these observations are in accordance with the low plasma GH concentrations associated with obesity 109 and the high concentrations observed in the malnourished and fasting states. 110 It may be concluded that nutritional state is an important determinant of plasma ghrelin concentration.…”

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confidence: 57%