A tutorial on the dynamics and control of wind turbines and wind farms

Abstract

Abstract-Wind energy is currently the fastest-growing energy source in the world, with a concurrent growth in demand for the expertise of engineers and researchers in the wind energy field. There are still many unsolved challenges in expanding wind power, and there are numerous problems of interest to systems and control researchers. In this paper, we first review the basic structure of wind turbines and then describe wind turbine control systems and control loops. Of great interest are the generator torque and blade pitch control systems, where significant performance improvements are achievable with more advanced systems and control research. We describe recent developments in advanced controllers for wind turbines and wind farms, and we also outline many open problems in the areas of modeling and control of wind turbines.

State based potential games

“…Existing wind farms are one example of such systems where individual wind turbines make local control decisions in response to local wind conditions (Pao & Johnson, 2009). Alternative systems include autonomous vehicles for surveillance missions (Marden & Wierman, 2008;Martinez, Cortes, & Bullo, 2007;Murphey, 1999) or the routing of information through a network (Katti, Katabi, Hu, Rahul, & Médard, 2005;Roughgarden, 2005).…”

“…by the lack of a suitable communication system and the fact that the aerodynamic interaction between the turbines is poorly understood (Pao & Johnson, 2009). Accordingly, most of the existing research in distributed control focuses on specific applications as opposed to an underlying theory for distributed control, e.g., consensus and flocking (Olfati-Saber, Fax, & Murray, 2007;Tsitsiklis, 1987), sensor coverage (Martinez et al, 2007;Murphey, 1999), and routing information over networks (Roughgarden, 2005), among many others.…”

MixedH2/H∞pitch control of wind turbine with a Markovian jump model

“…Moreover, the stochastic characteristic of wind speed causes the the frequent switchings of wind turbine operating points, which brings further difficulty for control design to satisfy the above mentioned control strategy. Many authors have widely applied the modern control theory in the design of wind turbine control, such as linear-parameter-varying (LPV) control, model predictive control (MPC) or nonlinear feedback control, see [7,8,9,10,11,12,13,18,19,33,21,22,23,28,29,30,33]. Especially, [7] and [8] have designed the control law for wind turbine based on the gain scheduling method, where the switching law is satisfying a specific condition.…”

A wake interaction model for the coordinated control of Wind Farms

“…nuclear power, thermal power, hydropower, etc. [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], these wind devices and equipment are expected to operate and provide high quality power (Such as: Safe, Stable, Controllable and Predictable (SSCP)) at the lowest possible cost.…”

“…An alternative method is to develop an online control approach where each WT adjusts its own induction model coefficients in response to the information of local WFs, such as the WP generated by individual WT, local wind conditions, local wind speed, local WD, local density of air, or interacted information regarding neighbor WTs. Here, the goals are to develop coordination and optimization control approaches that permit the field of WTs to reach a desirable set of model coefficients, which will lead to better system level behavior, for example, WP maximization or electricity loads minimization, without the need for complex modeling of the WFs [5], [6]. Fig.…”