A two-process theory of the response to size and distance

Gogel, Walter C.; Silva, José Aparecido da

doi:10.3758/bf03208221

Cited by 57 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…An alternative paradigm, called the theory of off-sized perceptions, postulates that cognitive in addition to perceptual factors can contribute to direct judgments of size and distance (Gogel, 1969(Gogel, , 1974(Gogel, , 1976. This theory, to be summarized below and applied in the present study, is considered more fully in a review by Gogel and Da Silva (1987).…”

Section: Familiar Size and The Size-distance Invariance Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the case of a familiar object, Sc is the remembered size of the familiar object. The term Dc, from off-sized perceptions resulting from familiar size, usually is also cognitive (see Gogel & Da Silva, 1987). Considering both Equation 1 and Equation 2, it is evident that the observer has two sources of information on which to base a direct response to size and distance.…”

Section: Application Of the Theory Of Ott-sized Perceptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Familiar size and the theory of off-sized perceptions

Gogel

Silva

1987

Perception & Psychophysics

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The role of familiar size in the visual judgment of size and distance was investigated using reduced conditions of observation and instructions that called for either objective or apparent size and distance judgments. Each observer was presented with one object at one distance (56, 107, or 149 cm). This object, which was of constant physical size, was either a normal-sized playing card or a blank rectangle of the same size as the playing card. Distance responses were yerbal and size responses were tactual. For the blank rectangle, reported distance remained constant, whereas judged size decreased as physical distance increased for both objective and apparent instructions. For the playing card, reported distance increased as physical distance increased for both objective and apparent instructions. The judged size for the playing card, however, remained constant with objective instructions but decreased with apparent instructions as the physical distance increased. This pattern of results is consistent with the theory that, to a substantial degree, familiar size contributes to spatial responses by means of a cognitive process based upon familiar objects' appearing as smaller or larger than normal. Under conditions in which the familiar objects are normal in size (as in the present experiment), this process acts to correct a direct response to distance for any errors that might be present in the perception of distance. Familiar Size and the Size-Distance Invariance HypothesisTo investigate whether the characteristic size of a familiar object provides an effective cue to its distance from an observer, (1) verbal reports of distance often are used to measure perceived distance, and (2) cues to distance other than that of familiar size are reduced by having the observer view the familiar object monocularly in an otherwise dark visual field, with accommodation held constant. It has been found, under these conditions, that the observer's report of the distance of a familiar object often varies directly with its physical distance, if the familiar object is normal in size, or with its simulated distance, if the familiar object is larger or smaller than normal, where simulated distance is the distance at which the familiar object of normal size would need to be placed in order to subtend a particular visual angle (Epstein,

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Section: Familiar Size and The Size-distance Invariance Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Application Of the Theory Of Ott-sized Perceptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Familiar size and the theory of off-sized perceptions

Gogel

Silva

1987

Perception & Psychophysics

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“…Registered or effective distance is defined as perceptual input resulting from distance cues that affect S' but do not necessarily affect D'. Other proposed modifications include known distance as a complementary factor to D', weighted differentially according to perceptual circumstances that determine the observer's response (Gogel & DaSilva, 1987). Patently, the problem with these hypothesized entities is in empirically establishing their existence (Epstein, 1973).…”

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confidence: 99%

Does perceived size depend on perceived distance? An argument from extended haptic perception

Barac-Cikoja

Turvey

1995

Perception & Psychophysics

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Two experiments were directed at the comparison between two perspectives on the perception of size achieved by probing the gap between two occluded distal surfaces by means of a hand-held rod. One perspective was the classical size-distance invariance hypothesis developed for the problem of visual size perception with a central role for perceived distance; the other was the hypothesis that the extended haptic perception of gap size is specific to a physical invariant A. of the dynamics of probing. Experiment 1 examined the relation between haptically perceived gap size and haptic ally perceived gap distance. No causal connection between the two was found, and all the variance in perceived size was accounted for by A.. Experiment 2 manipulated the rotational inertia of the probe. Its effect was different for the two perceptions of size and distance, underscoring their independence. The indifference of perceived size to perceived distance was discussed in reference to identifying invariants for both the haptic and the visual perception of size at a distance.In research on visual space perception, one of the most common assumptions is that the rules of Euclidean plane geometry that apply to physical objects in physical space also apply to perceived space. Under the most simplifying conditions,

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“…In other words, there is a shift in the functional validity of visual space perception towards a complete correspondence between environmental information and the observer's perception (Baumberger & Flückiger, 2004;Brunswick, 1955;Gibson, 1969). A two-process theory of perception has been proposed (Gogel, 1974;Gogel & Da Silva, 1987), in which two separate perceptual mechanisms work synergistically to produce the observed pattern. One of these mechanisms is the environmental source of information, or visual cues, which allow accurate or nearly accurate responses for short distances.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distance perception in a natural outdoor setting: is there a developmental trend to overconstancy?

et al. 2006

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The main purpose of the present study was to investigate whether in natural environment, using very large physical distances, there is a trend to overconstancy for distance estimates during development. One hundred and twenty-nine children aged 5 to 13 years old and twenty-one adults (in a control group), participated as observers. The observer's task was to bisect egocentric distances, ranging from 1.0 to 296.0 m, presented in a large open field. The analyses focused on two parameters, constant errors and variable errors, such as measuring accuracy and precision, respectively. A third analysis focused on the developmental pattern of shifts in constancy as a function of age and range of distances. Constant error analysis showed that there are two relevant parameters for accuracy, age, and range of distances. For short distances, there are three developmental stages: 5-7 years, when children have unstable responses, 7-11, underconstancy, and 13 to adulthood, when accuracy is reached. For large distances, there is a two-stage development: 5-11 years, with severe underconstancy, and beyond this age, with mild underconstancy. Variable errors analyses indicate that precision is noted for 7 year-old children, independently of the range of distances. The constancy analyses indicated that there is a shift from constancy (or slightly overconstancy) to underconstancy as a function of physical distance for all age groups. The age difference is noted in the magnitude of underconstancy that occurs in larger distances, where adults presented lower levels of underconstancy than children. The present data were interpreted as due to a developmental change in cognitive processing rather than to changes in visual space perception. Keywords: visual perception, space perception, perceptual development, psychophysics, child psychology, egocentric distance El principal objetivo de este estudio fue investigar si en un medio natural, empleando distancias físicas muy grandes, hay una tendencia a sobre-constancia para las estimaciones de distancias durante el desarrollo evolutivo. Participaron como observadores 129 niños de edades entre 5 y 13 años y 21 adultos (en un grupo control). La tarea de los observadores consistió en biseccionar unas distancias egocéntricas, que variaban entre 1,0 y 296,0 m, presentadas en un gran campo abierto. El análisis se centró en dos parámetros, error constante y error variable, de la exactitud y precisión de medida, respectivamente. Un tercer análisis se centró en el patrón evolutivo de cambios en la constancia en función de la edad y el rango de distancias. El análisis de los errores constantes mostró que hay dos parámetros relevantes para la precisión, edad y rango de distancias. Para distancias cortas, hay tres fases evolutivas: 5-7 años, cuando los niños dan respuestas inestables, 7-11, infra-constancia, y 13 años hasta la adultez, cuando alcanzan la exactitud (constancia). Para las distancias largas, hay un desarrollo de dos fases: 5-11 años, con infra-constancia severa, y más allá de esta edad, con l...

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A two-process theory of the response to size and distance

Cited by 57 publications

References 73 publications

Familiar size and the theory of off-sized perceptions

Familiar size and the theory of off-sized perceptions

Does perceived size depend on perceived distance? An argument from extended haptic perception

Distance perception in a natural outdoor setting: is there a developmental trend to overconstancy?

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