A Unified Phenomenological Model for Tensile and Compressive Response of Polymeric Foams

Walter, Tim; Richards, Andrew Walter; Subhash, Ghatu

doi:10.1115/1.3026556

Cited by 21 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…1. This confinement was previously proposed and used by Walter et al 9 The transparent, cylindrical cell was made of acrylic and consisted of a sliding cylindrical rod and an end cap that can be screwed to the bottom of the cylinder. The ceramic foam specimen is placed inside the cell and pushed to the bottom by a cylindrical rod.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such buckling modes are typically observed in commercial brittle polymeric foams. 9 To avoid this mode of failure it was decided to test the specimens in a transparent confinement cell as shown in Fig. 1.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently Walter et al 9 extended the above model to both compression and tensile regimes and were able to determine several other parameters through extensive experimentation on five different density foams. The advantage of such a model is that one can determine the response of foam at intermediate densities that were not originally available.…”

Section: Stress-strain Phenomenological Modelmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…(1), the parameter A represents the yield stress (or collapse stress) and parameter B represents the ratio of ultimate tensile strength to collapse stress. 9 Parameters α and β describe the plateau region of the stress-strain response. For α > β a hardening-like behavior is observed.…”

Section: Stress-strain Phenomenological Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(1), we can obtain the model parameters described above (α, A, and B). The relationship between the model parameters and foam mechanical properties were determined by Walter et al 9 as follows:…”

Section: Stress-strain Phenomenological Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Syntactic Foam for Energy Absorption at Low to Moderate Loading Rates

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Characterization of the Tensile Behavior of Expanded Polystyrene Foam as a Function of Density and Strain Rate

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Due to its high energy-absorbing efficiency, [1,2] foam materials are widely used for protection in crush applications. Even though such applications vary in environmental and loading conditions, when it comes to helmet liners, static and dynamic loads are expected during the life cycle of the product. Such loads can be experienced during storage conditions, accidental or impact loads. Despite the stochastic profile of such loads, each foam material is expected to retain its functionality in all environmental conditions to which it will be exposed. For that reason, a range of standards is created to describe the expected performance of these materials when integrated into protective headgear. Out of all the available choices, expanded polystyrene (EPS) is the most preferable of all, for its thermal and moisture resistance, light weight, durability, availability, and cost. This creates a big range of safety applications where it is crucial to be able to accurately predict the behavior of EPS. As reported by Lorna, [3] foams, another term for a cellular solid, are made up of an interconnected network of solid shells which form the edges and faces of cells. These cells can be either closed-or opencelled and are spread as a 3D polyhedral in space. EPS is a rigid and tough, recyclable, closed-cell cellular material. It can undergo a large compressive deformation and absorb energy even at high strain rates. Under compressive loads, energy is dissipated through cell bending, buckling, or fracture. Its large energy-absorbing properties are the result of the plateau that is observed in the characteristic compressive stress strain curve of the material. [4-6] When closed-cell EPS foam is subjected to compressive loading, the entrapped air within the cells is compressed and additional viscous force is generated. Those forces increase with the loading rate, which results in the increase of strain rate sensitivity. [5] 1.1. Constitutive Material Models Foams are multi-phase materials. The gas-phase that is present in foams adds an additional degree of freedom which makes modeling of foams more difficult. There are several models available for various types of foams (rigid, flexible) and loading, but the models are usually limited, which makes the formulation of all the relevant behaviors of the foam difficult. The Maxwell model is a viscoelastic model. [7] It consists of a spring and a damper in series, where elastic response is represented by the spring and the time-dependent response by the damper. The constitutive equation for this model is described by Equation (1)

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A Unified Phenomenological Model for Tensile and Compressive Response of Polymeric Foams

Cited by 21 publications

References 23 publications

Mechanical properties of BaTiO3 open-porosity foams

Mechanical properties of BaTiO3 open-porosity foams

Evaluation of Syntactic Foam for Energy Absorption at Low to Moderate Loading Rates

Characterization of the Tensile Behavior of Expanded Polystyrene Foam as a Function of Density and Strain Rate

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