A wear rate model incorporating inflationary cost of agro-waste filled composites for brake pad applications to lower composite cost

Abstract

Wear rate appraisals are currently indispensable on agro-waste filled composites for brake pads as they predict the expected lifespan of the materials. However, existing wear rate models are inaccurate as predictions omit the inflationary cost of the materials. In this paper, the idea is to account for the inflationary cost of the materials and adjust that into a pseudo wear rate model. The wear rate of agro-waste fillers in an organic matrix to create brake pads under dry sliding wear experiments was considered. Five composite specimens were fabricated in cylindrical specimen height of 14.5 mm and varying diameters of 8, 10, 12 and 15.5 mm and the material wear loss was measured. The 8, 10 and 12 mm diameter specimens revealed that the composite with the best and worst wear resistance were the wear rates of 0.6, 1.4, 1.73 mm3/Nm, and 3.07, 3.54, 4.19 mm3/Nm, respectively. The 15.5 mm diameter specimen showed lower wear rates of 2.13 and 2.14 and 1.56 mm3/Nm than commercial brake pad’s 2.58 mm3/Nm. The pseudo wear rate model predicts the impact of the independent variable i.e. inflationary cost, opportunity cost, time, and sample size. The utility of this effort is to assist the composite manufacturers to take cost-effective decisions and design optimisation can be accomplished to lower the cost of composite products.

Overview of the Important Factors Influencing the Performance of Eco-Friendly Brake Pads

“…The strong adhesion of natural fibers with resin provides good wear resistance for composites [ 45 , 49 , 50 , 51 ]. In addition, reducing the level of wear on the brake pads can be done by reducing the particle size of the filler because smaller particle size will increase the bond between the binder and the filler [ 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 ]. Furthermore, the amount and the type of resin used can have an impact on the brake pad’s performance.…”

“…The decrease in palm shell particle size caused the increase in friction coefficient, according to the findings [ 58 , 59 ]. Reduced wear rate on the brake pads due to the reduced particle size of the filler [ 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 ].…”

Preparation and Properties of Sustainable Brake Pads with Recycled End-of-Life Tire Rubber Particles

“…The obtained SWR values were between 10 −4 mm 3 /N for the pads containing the A80 particles and at high sliding distances to about 9 × 10 −4 mm 3 /N for the brake pads containing the A60 particles at the maximum concentration. These values fall in the range of some brake pads containing natural recycled particles [ 40 ], where a SWR value of 7.22 10 −4 mm 2 /N under a load application of 7.5 N has been reported, but they are higher than the composite pads filled with abrasive ceramics possessing COF of about 0.7 and SWR values below 4 10 −4 mm 2 /N at 20 N load [ 41 ].…”

Carbon fiber/epoxy vitrimer composite patch cured with bio‐based curing agents for one‐step repair metallic sheet and its recyclability

“…It is outstanding in thermal and mechanical properties, chemical resistance, dimensional stability, and good processability. 4,5 However, extensive utilization of epoxy has brought a serious environmental problem of plastic waste due to its difficulty in recycling and reprocessing. 6 To deal with the concern, Leibler and coworkers 7 developed a new kind of crosslinked polymers, the so-called vitrimer, which lends itself to rearrangement of network topology through thermally activated bond exchange reaction (BER) with a constant crosslink density.…”