A well balanced omega-6/omega-3 ratio in developing flax bolls after heating and its implications for use as a fresh vegetable by humans

Fofana, Bourlaye; Cloutier, Sylvie; Kirby, Christopher W.; McCallum, Jason; Duguid, Scott

doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2010.12.018

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Nutrients such as omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 and n-6 PUFAs, respectively) are beneficial for general human health [ 1 , 2 ]. However, an appropriate ratio of n-6 to n-3 PUFAs is more beneficial to human health [ 3 ]. Previous studies reported that a ratio of n-6 to n-3 PUFAs of 2:1 to 3:1 can suppress the progression of rheumatoid arthritis in humans [ 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Flaxseed Supplementation on Milk and Plasma Fatty Acid Composition and Plasma Parameters of Holstein Dairy Cows

Huang

Wang

et al. 2022

Animals

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The objective of this study was to determine the effect of whole flaxseed and ground flaxseed supplementation on the composition of fatty acids in plasma and milk, particularly the content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs). Thirty Holstein dairy cows were randomly assigned to three treatment groups. Cows were fed a total mixed ration without flaxseed (CK), 1500 g of whole flaxseed (WF), and 1500 g of ground flaxseed (GF) supplementation. There were no differences observed in dry matter intake, milk yield, energy-corrected milk, and 4% fat-corrected milk (p > 0.05). Compared with the CK group, the contents of α-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosatrienoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid increased in the plasma and milk WF and GF groups, and the content of docosahexaenoic acid and total n-3 PUFA was higher in GF than the other groups (p < 0.001). The ALA yield increased to 232% and 360% in WF and GF, respectively, compared to the CK group. Compared with the WF group, GF supplementation resulted in an increased milk ALA/ALA intake ratio (p < 0.001). Flaxseed supplementation increased the activity of GSH-Px and decreased the concentration of MDA in milk (p < 0.001). Plasma parameters did not differ among the treatments (p > 0.05). This result indicated that compared with the WF group, GF supplementation in the diet showed higher efficiency in increasing the total n-3 PUFA levels and the milk ALA/ALA intake ratio, and decreased the ratio of n-6 PUFAs to n-3 PUFAs in milk.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Flaxseed Supplementation on Milk and Plasma Fatty Acid Composition and Plasma Parameters of Holstein Dairy Cows

Huang

Wang

et al. 2022

Animals

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“…Flavonoids are acknowledged as low-toxicity chemical compounds, however some reports may be found in available literature on their adverse effects [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]. Fofana et al (2011) claim that—despite containing valuable nutrients—the seeds of flax may become health-promoting food only on condition of appropriately selected techniques and parameters of processing, owing to the presence of undesirable substances [ 22 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Dose and Administration Period of Seed Cake of Genetically Modified and Non-Modified Flax on Selected Antioxidative Activities in Rats

Matusiewicz

Kosieradzka

Żuk

et al. 2015

IJMS

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Flaxseed cake containing antioxidants is a valuable dietary component. Its nutritional effect may be diminished by the presence of anti-nutrients. The work was aimed at determining the effect of different contents of flaxseed cake in diets and their administration period on the development of rats and selected parameters of their health status. Diets with 15% and 30% addition of genetically modified (GM) flax seed cake with enhanced synthesis of polyphenols, as well as Linola non-GM flax were administered in short-term (33 days) and long-term (90 days) experiments. The 30% addition of flaxseed cake reduced digestibility of dietary nutrients, GM flaxseed cake lowered body weight gains. The relative weight of selected organs, hematological blood markers and serum activities of aspartate and alanine aminotransferases (AST, ALT) were not affected. Flaxseed cake consumption reduced serum concentration of albumins and increased globulins. Administration of 30% flaxseed cake improved plasma total antioxidant status and 30% GM flaxseed cake lowered liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. The activities of superoxide dismutase in erythrocytes, glutathione peroxidase in plasma and the liver concentration of 8-oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine were not changed. Most morphometric parameters of the small intestine did not differ between feeding groups. The administration of diets with 30% addition of flaxseed cake for 90 days improved the antioxidant status in rats.

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“…This study further suggests that an appropriate n‐6/n‐3 fatty acid ratio at a ratio of 1:1 or less in dietary compound oil may be beneficial to mitigate the Th2‐skewed allergic airway inflammation. A well‐balanced n‐6/n‐3 fatty acid ratio from different vegetable materials may be developed for use by humans 30. Recent evidences indicated that lipid microdomains in the T‐cell plasma membrane are remodeled by a dietary lipid consisting of n‐3 PUFAs, EPA, and DHA 31.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protective effect of dietary perilla oil on allergic inflammation in asthmatic mice

Chang

Chen

Lin

2012

Euro J Lipid Sci & Tech

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Perilla oil (PER) is rich in α‐linolenic acid (n‐3 fatty acid). To unravel the effects of dietary PER on allergic asthmatic inflammation, three kinds of dietary oil, including PER, corn oil (COR), and perilla compound oil (50% PER and 50% COR), were used for replacing the oil in an AIN76 feed consumed by ovalbumin (OVA)‐sensitized and challenged mice continuously for 5 wk. T‐helper type 1 lymphocyte (Th1)/T‐helper type 2 lymphocyte (Th2) and pro‐/anti‐inflammatory cytokines secreted by the cells from the airway, the lungs, and the spleen of experimental mice were determined by ELISA. The results showed that dietary PER inhibited interleukin (IL)‐1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α secretions by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated lung cells, as well as interferon (IFN)‐γ and IL‐6 secretions by LPS‐stimulated splenocytes. Perilla compound oil increased the secretion ratio of IFN‐γ/IL‐5 (Th1/Th2 cytokines) in LPS‐stimulated bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cells, but decreased the ratio of IL‐6/IL‐10 (pro‐/anti‐inflammatory cytokines) in LPS‐stimulated splenocytes. The present study demonstrated that dietary PER and its compound oil protected the airways, the lungs, and the spleen from allergic inflammation in OVA‐challenged asthmatic mice, suggesting that an appropriate n‐6/n‐3 fatty acid ratio at a ratio of 1:1 or less in dietary oil may be beneficial to improve the Th2‐skewed allergic asthmatic inflammation. Practical applications: The present study demonstrated that dietary PER and its compound oil protected the airways, the lungs, and the spleen from allergic inflammation in OVA‐challenged asthmatic mice, suggesting that an appropriate n‐6/n‐3 fatty acid ratio at a ratio of 1:1 or less in dietary oil may be beneficial to improve the Th2‐skewed allergic asthmatic inflammation.

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A well balanced omega-6/omega-3 ratio in developing flax bolls after heating and its implications for use as a fresh vegetable by humans

Cited by 12 publications

References 32 publications

Effect of Flaxseed Supplementation on Milk and Plasma Fatty Acid Composition and Plasma Parameters of Holstein Dairy Cows

Effect of Flaxseed Supplementation on Milk and Plasma Fatty Acid Composition and Plasma Parameters of Holstein Dairy Cows

Effect of Dose and Administration Period of Seed Cake of Genetically Modified and Non-Modified Flax on Selected Antioxidative Activities in Rats

Protective effect of dietary perilla oil on allergic inflammation in asthmatic mice

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