A wideband circularly polarized CPW-fed substrate integrated waveguide based antenna array for ISM band applications

Ahmad, Sarosh; Cherif, Nabil; Naseer, Salman; Ijaz, Umer Zeeshan; Faouri, Yanal S.; Ghaffar, Adnan; Hussein, Mousa I.

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10058

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…41 shows a few of the antennas that were created utilizing the embroidery techniques. Besides, a method based on Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) for fabrication of wearable antennas has also been reported in the literature [131], [155]. Similar to that, the most current literature also presents a fabrication technique known as Adhesives.…”

Section: Sewing/stitching and Embroidery Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design, Analysis and Applications of Wearable Antennas: A Review

et al. 2023

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Wearable antennas are the vital components for Body Centric Communication (BCC). These antennas have recently gained the attention of researchers and have received a great deal of popularity due to their attractive characteristics and opportunities. They are fundamental in the Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) for health care, military, sports, and identification purposes. Compared to traditional antennas, these antennas work in close proximity to the human body, so their performance in terms of return loss, gain, directivity, bandwidth, radiation pattern, efficiency, and Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) is influenced by the coupling and absorption of the human body tissues. Additionally, in the design of these antennas, size, power consumption, and speed can also play a paramount role. In most cases, these antennas are integrated into the clothes, or in some cases, they may be fixed over the skin of the users. When these characteristics are considered, the design of wearable antennas becomes challenging, particularly when textile materials are examined, high conductivity materials are used during the manufacturing process, and various deformation scenarios have an impact on the design's performance. To enhance the overall performance of the wearable antennas and to reduce the backward radiation towards the human body, metamaterial surfaces are introduced that provide a high degree of isolation from the human body and significantly reduce the SAR. This paper discusses the state-of-the-art wearable/textile/flexible antennas integrated with metamaterial structures composed of wearable/flexible substrate materials, with a focus on single and dual band antenna designs. The paper also reviews the critical design issues, various fabrication techniques, and other factors that need to be considered in the design of wearable/textile/flexible antennas. All the designs presented in this work are of the recent developments in wearable technology. INDEX TERMS BCC, WBAN, SAR, metamaterial, and wearable/textile/flexible antennas I. INTRODUCTIONRecently, Body Centric Wireless Communication (BCWC) has become one of the most important parts of the fourth generation (4G) mobile communication systems. The fifth generation (5G) is an encouraging technology which will not only fulfil the need of a high data rate for mobile phones and similar devices but also enable incorporation with different high added value services [1]. The IEEE 802.15 standardization group has been established to standardize applications intended for on, off, and in-body communication due to the growing interest in antennas and wave propagation for body centric communication systems [2]. BCWC is a type of communication which is used to connect devices which are worn on or in the body, or between the two people in close proximity. It is further divided into three different categories according to the mean of communication, they are on-body, in-body and off-body communication [3][4][5]. On-body communication describes the wireless communication between the body-mou...

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Section: Sewing/stitching and Embroidery Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design, Analysis and Applications of Wearable Antennas: A Review

et al. 2023

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“…Algorithms for resource allocation are also quite difficult to create. The radio spectrum for international industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) radio bands are restricted and cannot be deployed for telecommunications applications (Ahmad et al, 2022). D2D employs unlicensed spectrum (the 2.4 GHz ISM band or the 38 GHz mmwave band) for out-of-band communication, whereas cellular uses licensed frequency provided by the network operator.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Device to Device Communication Using Optimized Frequency Spectrum Reuse (OFSR) in Multi-Layered Cellular Network

Matthew,

Aderinola,

Shuaibu

et al. 2024

JSMT

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In a cellular network, Device to Device (D2D) communication faces a number of difficulties, including interference and slow upward and downward linking between device connectivity with base stations. Utilizing optimum frequency spectrum reuse (OFSR), these two issues can be overcome. In order to prevent D2D communication devices on the Evolved Node B (eNB) and cellular user transmitters from interfering with D2D receiver, OFSR is a mechanism where the user reuses the frequency of another cell. The study looks at the problem of spectrum sharing between D2D and cellular communications in a cellular network. Under this network spectrum rationalization, D2D links may access the spectrum that a mobile network operator manages. Each D2D link has the choice of acquiring a sub-band for exclusive usage or gaining access to the sub- bands used by cellular users. Spectrum can also be shared by D2D lines that only use a particular sub-band. One to one hundred (1-100), one to two hundred (1-200), one to three hundred (1-300), and one to four hundred (1-400) users each made up a group (1-400). The system equations were used to represent the network information, such as link gains, noise levels, signal-to-interference- and-noise ratios, and the devices' selected communication mode. Simulations that incorporate D2D communication as an additional communication channel are utilized to demonstrate performance bounds for the cellular system based on the derived equations. When compared to resource allocation technique, the simulation result demonstrates that OFSR has less interference. As can be observed from the simulation results, the throughput in the down link is higher than the throughput in the uplink.

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