Abdominal pain in long-term spinal cord injury

Finnerup, Nanna Brix; Faaborg, Pia Møller; Krogh, Klaus; Jensen, Troels Staehelin

doi:10.1038/sj.sc.3102097

Cited by 61 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…3,5,9,14,16 If pain is localized to the thorax, abdomen or pelvis but there is no relation of this pain to any visceral function and there is no evidence of visceral pathology, at-level SCI (neuropathic) pain or below-level (neuropathic) SCI pain should be considered as the cause. For example, a pain of a constant duration appreciated in the genital or sacral region, without there being evidence of visceral or other nociceptive pathology, should be classified as either as at-level or below-level SCI (neuropathic) pain, depending on the NLI, and not as visceral pain.…”

Section: Nociceptive Pain Typesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 As classifications are built upon definitions, and prevalences of pain types are calculated based upon identified defined pain types, it should not be surprising that there are widely varying estimates of the prevalence of various types of pain after SCI. For example, the prevalence of visceral pain has been estimated to be in the range from 5 to 34%, [3][4][5] whereas the prevalence of neuropathic pain thought to be due to spinal cord damage and experienced below the level of injury has been estimated to be anywhere from 14 to 40%. [4][5][6][7] Some of the variance in the reported prevalences is presumably due to methodological aspects of study design, for example, the time that has elapsed since injury at the point when a question on the presence of pain is asked, the threshold of intensity or discomfort at which pain or severe pain is defined, and questionnaire response rates or skewed population sampling.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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International Spinal Cord Injury Pain Classification: part I. Background and description

et al. 2011

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Study design: Discussion of issues and development of consensus. Objective: Present the background, purpose, development process, format and definitions of the International Spinal Cord Injury Pain (ISCIP) Classification. Methods: An international group of spinal cord injury (SCI) and pain experts deliberated over 2 days, and then via e-mail communication developed a consensus classification of pain after SCI. The classification was reviewed by members of several professional organizations and their feedback was incorporated. The classification then underwent validation by an international group of clinicians with minimal exposure to the classification, using case study vignettes. Based upon the results of this study, further revisions were made to the ISCIP Classification. Results: An overall structure and terminology has been developed and partially validated as a merger of and improvement on previously published SCI pain classifications, combined with basic definitions proposed by the International Association for the Study of Pain and pain characteristics described in published empiric studies of pain. The classification is designed to be comprehensive and to include pains that are directly related to the SCI pathology as well as pains that are common after SCI but are not necessarily mechanistically related to the SCI itself. Conclusions:The format and definitions presented should help experienced and non-experienced clinicians as well as clinical researchers classify pain after SCI.

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Section: Nociceptive Pain Typesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

International Spinal Cord Injury Pain Classification: part I. Background and description

et al. 2011

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“…[1][2][3][4] Colonic transit times are often prolonged, [5][6][7][8] and anorectal sensibility and voluntary control of the external anal sphincter is reduced or lost. 5,9,10 The severity of colorectal and anal sphincter dysfunction depends on the completeness of SCI 3 and constipation-related symptoms become significantly more severe with time since injury.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

International bowel function basic spinal cord injury data set

et al. 2008

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Study design: International expert working group. Objective: To develop an International Bowel Function Basic Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) Data Set presenting a standardized format for the collection and reporting of a minimal amount of information on bowel function in daily practice or in research. Setting: Working group consisting of members appointed by the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) and the International Spinal Cord Society (ISCoS). Methods: A draft prepared by the working group was reviewed by Executive Committee of the International SCI Standards and Data Sets, and later by ISCoS Scientific Committee and the ASIA Board. Relevant and interested scientific and professional (international) organizations and societies (approximately 40) were also invited to review the data set and it was posted on the ISCoS and ASIA websites for 3 months to allow comments and suggestions. The ISCoS Scientific Committee, Council and ASIA Board received the data set for final review and approval. Results: The International Bowel Function Basic SCI Data Set includes the following 12 items: date of data collection, gastrointestinal or anal sphincter dysfunction unrelated to SCI, surgical procedures on the gastrointestinal tract, awareness of the need to defecate, defecation method and bowel care procedures, average time required for defecation, frequency of defecation, frequency of fecal incontinence, need to wear pad or plug, medication affecting bowel function/constipating agents, oral laxatives and perianal problems. Conclusion: An International Bowel Function Basic SCI Data Set has been developed.

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“…[1][2][3][4] Chronic abdominal pain is common in SCI individuals with long-term injury, is often severe and is among the most common problems that impair the quality of life in those with gastrointestinal problems. [5][6][7][8] It is often characterized as a dull, diffuse, cramping pain associated with nausea and sweating. 6,[9][10] The characteristics of abdominal pain in SCI resemble those of chronic idiopathic constipation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[5][6][7][8] It is often characterized as a dull, diffuse, cramping pain associated with nausea and sweating. 6,[9][10] The characteristics of abdominal pain in SCI resemble those of chronic idiopathic constipation. 8 Abdominal pain is not associated with completeness or the level of SCI, 5,7 and the underlying mechanisms are likely to vary among SCI individuals and may be related to both visceral and neuropathic pain mechanisms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic abdominal pain in long-term spinal cord injury: a follow-up study

et al. 2016

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Study design: A longitudinal postal survey. Objectives: To evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of abdominal pain in long-term spinal cord injury (SCI). Setting: Members of the Danish SCI Association. Methods: In 2006, a questionnaire on chronic abdominal pain and discomfort was sent to the 284 members of the Danish SCI association who had been members for at least 10 years; 203 of them responded. An almost identical questionnaire including questions on intensity and interference of pain within the past 7 days, as well as descriptors and treatment, was sent to the 178 surviving members in 2015.Results: Of 130 (73%) responders, 125 answered the question on chronic abdominal pain. The mean time since injury was 30.5 (9.8) years. Chronic abdominal pain or discomfort was reported by 32.8% (41/125), and 23% (29/125) of responders had been at least moderately bothered by this in the past week. Abdominal pain or discomfort was more common in women and in those with self-reported constipation. The median intensity (numeric rating scale) was 6.0 (range 3-10) and it was often associated with autonomic symptoms. Nine (8%) of the 115 individuals who responded in both 2006 and 2015 had developed new abdominal pain or discomfort, 30 (26%) no longer reported it, and 28 (24%) reported it at both time points with a similar intensity. Conclusions: Chronic abdominal pain or discomfort is common and bothersome in long-term SCI. It has a late onset, but the prevalence and severity do not seem to further increase between 20 and 30 years following SCI.

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Abdominal pain in long-term spinal cord injury

Cited by 61 publications

References 17 publications

International Spinal Cord Injury Pain Classification: part I. Background and description

International Spinal Cord Injury Pain Classification: part I. Background and description

International bowel function basic spinal cord injury data set

Chronic abdominal pain in long-term spinal cord injury: a follow-up study

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