Ability of Cyanobacteria and Green Algae to Improve Metabolic Activity and Development of Willow Plants

Abstract

Large-scale Cyanobacteria and green algae production has been studied for decades, due to the wide variety of practical and potentially metabolic products that can be obtained such as food supplements, lipids, enzymes, biomass, polymers, toxins, pigments, tertiary wastewater treatment, and green energy products. Cyanobacteria are one of the major components of the potential source of nitrogen fixation and convert it into a bioavailable form of ammonium required for plant growth. These organisms have a unique potential to enhance productivity in a variety of agricultural and ecological situations and they play an important role in building up soil fertility, consequently increasing the yield. Biofertilizers, being essential components of organic farming, play a vital role in maintaining long-term soil fertility and sustainability by fixing atmospheric dinitrogen (N=N), mobilizing fixed macro and micro nutrients, or converting insoluble phosphorus in soil into forms available to plants, thereby increasing their efficiency and availability [1].

How Biojodis and Cyanobacteria Alleviate the Negative Influence of Predicted Environmental Constraints on Growth and Physiological Activity of Corn Plants

“…They could be modifi ed by lower or higher density of the algae cells. The fact that foliar application of the studied strains increased corn growth could be caused by greater intensity of several physiological events and by plant enrichment with phytohormones, auxin (IAA), GA, cytokinins, amino acids, macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg), microelements (S, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, Mo, Co), polyamines, and several other secondary metabolites that can be produced by Cyanobacteria and by nitrogen assimilated by these microorganisms from the atmosphere, as described in plants of several species grown in favorable conditions by Haroun and Hussein [18], Nain et al [43], Masojídek and Prášil [19], Chojnacka et al [20], Nunnery et al [21], Perez-Garcia et al [22], Pszczolkowski et al [23], Rana et al [44], Sahu et al [33], Markou and Nerantzis [24], Grzesik and Romanowska-Duda [8], Michalak et al [45], Corbel et al [46 47], Mazur-Marzec [48], and El Khalloufi et al [49].…”

“…The alterations in plant growth were associated with the respective changes in the index of chlorophyll content in leaves, electrolyte leakage from leaves, and also with the activity of net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, intercellular concentration of CO 2 , transportation, and the activity of acid and alkaline phosphatase and RNase (Figs 4,5,6,7,8). …”

“…Gas exchange (activity of net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, intercellular concentration of CO 2 , and transpiration) were measured using the gas analyzer apparatus TPS-2 (PP Systems, USA) [8,9,35,36].…”

“…Based on assessing growth in present and simulated conditions, nowadays authors work on ecological methods of plant cultivation relating to the expected temperature changes, soil moisture (artifi cial drought and rainfall), and application of ecological biostimulators. It is expected that this research will result in increasing food crop yield and plant resistance to stress, as it was observed in the case of other plants [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. It is assumed that biofortifi cation of plants with iodine (a component of Biojodis) can become an alternative method to salt iodization, and that introducing this element to the human diet can affect plant development.…”

“…These bluegreen algae have been reported to contain the majority of substations needed for plant growth, among others: amino acids, nutrients, sugar, growth-promoting bioregulators (auxin, GA, cytokinins), vitamins, amino acids, and several other secondary metabolites stimulating plant development [18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. Cyanobacteria strains are able to fi x atmospheric nitrogen and enrich the soil, rice, wheat, willow, and other plants with this nutrient [8,[25][26][27]. This natural biofertilizer can play an important role in maintenance and buildup of soil fertility, consequently increasing development and yield of plants as discovered in oats, radish, rice, sugarcane, barley, tomato, chili, cotton, wheat, maize, lettuce, gillyfl ower, grapevine, and willow grown in favorable conditions [8,[25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33].…”