We employed vibrational sum-frequency generation (VSFG) spectroscopy to obtain molecular level understanding of interaction of L-phenylalanine (Phe) with lipid monolayers of zwitterionic 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) at the air−water interface. The measured VSFG spectra in the CH stretch region due to the lipid and Phe, and the OH stretch region due to interfacial water molecules were analyzed. These results in combination with surface pressure studies reveal that the Phe molecules at acidic pH of 5.6 intercalate into DPPC monolayers, and replace some interfacial water molecules. Consequently, there is a decrease in the VSFG intensity in the OH stretch region in the Phe subphase, and a concomitant increase in the surface pressure of the DPPC monolayer. The exclusion of the water molecules is controlled by both the bulk concentration of Phe, and the surface concentration of DPPC. In contrast, at the neutral pH of 7.3 there is an increase in the VSFG intensity due to the interfacial water molecules in the Phe subphase, and a decrease in the surface pressure of the DPPC monolayer. A decrease in the surface pressure, implying an increase in the surface tension toward values of pure water, suggests condensation of lipids to some extent and exposing water regions in the surface. At the neutral pH, the Phe molecules interact mostly with the headgroup of the lipid monolayer without affecting directly the hydrophobic interaction with the tail region. At both the pHs, the microscopic order of the hydrocarbon chains of the DPPC molecules is observed to increase with increased VSFG intensity due to the terminal CH 3 group, and decreased intensity due to the CH 2 group. The interaction of DPPC monolayer with Phe is compared to that with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and the hydrophobic interactions between the side chains in the latter are found to be relatively much stronger.