Ablation mechanisms of nanosecond and picosecond laser scribing for metal halide perovskite module interconnection – An experimental and numerical analysis

Schultz, Christof; Fenske, Markus; Dagar, Janardan; Zeiser, Andreas; Bartelt, Andreas; Schlatmann, Rutger; Unger, Eva; Stegemann, Bert

doi:10.1016/j.solener.2020.01.074

Cited by 42 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Simulation of point contact modules reveals that the measured decrease in performance is due to an increase in J O , indicating additional recombination. The source of the additional recombination is assumed to be due to the thermal effects of the ns pulsed laser P3 patterning on the quality of the interfaces in perovskite stack, as well as on the perovskite material itself 25‐27 . For the processing of the P3 interconnection, the shallow P3 has been used 25 in order to ensure a lower thermal effect of laser patterning.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perovskite modules with 99% geometrical fill factor using point contact interconnections design

Rakocevic

Schöpe

Turan

et al. 2020

Progress in Photovoltaics

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Thin-film photovoltaic technology, based on hybrid metal halide perovskites, has achieved 25.2% and 16.1% certified power conversion efficiencies for solar cell and solar module devices, respectively. Still, the gap between power conversion efficiency of small area solar cells and large area solar modules is greater than for any other photovoltaic technology. Analysis of loss mechanisms in n-i-p solution processed devices defined layer inhomogeneity loss and inactive area loss as the two most prominent loss mechanisms in upscaling. In this study, we focus on minimizing inactive area loss. We analyze the point contact interconnections design and demonstrate it on perovskite thin-film solar modules to achieve a geometrical fill factor of up to 99%. Numerical and analytical simulations are utilized to optimize interconnections and solar module design and balance inactive area loss, series resistance loss, and contact resistance loss.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perovskite modules with 99% geometrical fill factor using point contact interconnections design

Rakocevic

Schöpe

Turan

et al. 2020

Progress in Photovoltaics

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show abstract

“…Metal-halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted attention by demonstrating a small-area power conversion efficiency (PCE) of more than 25% in the last few years [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. For large-scale utilization, solar module fabrication needs to be developed with a number of interconnected cells, compared to a small-area single cell [ 9 , 10 ]. Series-interconnected monolithic perovskite solar modules (PSMs) can be fabricated using P1–P2–P3 patterning steps [ 2 , 11 , 12 ], as in any other thin-film solar technology like CdTe or CIGS.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The deposition and patterning steps are as follows. Initially, subcells are defined by patterning the ITO bottom electrode with a P1 scribe, then all active layers of the solar cell are deposited, and are then separated from each other by the P2 patterning step [ 9 , 13 ]. Subsequently, the metal back electrode is deposited and a final, P3 scribe separates the metal top contacts of the sub-cells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, several challenges have been addressed in the processing of highly efficient and stable p-i-n, such as poor wettability of the hole transport layer, upscaling of the perovskite layer and long-term stability of the perovskite modules [ 18 , 19 ]. In our previous work, we have extensively studied both picosecond and nanosecond laser pulses as used for P2 [ 9 ] and P3 [ 16 ] patterning steps to fabricate the mini-modules. We optimized the shorter picosecond laser pulses to remove the PbI 2 debris, generated during P2 and P3 patterning, and improved the performance of the perovskite mini-module [ 9 , 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In our previous work, we have extensively studied both picosecond and nanosecond laser pulses as used for P2 [ 9 ] and P3 [ 16 ] patterning steps to fabricate the mini-modules. We optimized the shorter picosecond laser pulses to remove the PbI 2 debris, generated during P2 and P3 patterning, and improved the performance of the perovskite mini-module [ 9 , 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Stability Assessment of p-i-n Perovskite Photovoltaic Mini-Modules Utilizing Different Top Metal Electrodes

et al. 2021

Self Cite

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Long-term stability is one of the major challenges for p-i-n type perovskite solar modules (PSMs). Here, we demonstrate the fabrication of fully laser-patterned series interconnected p-i-n perovskite mini-modules, in which either single Cu or Ag layers are compared with Cu/Au metal-bilayer top electrodes. According to the scanning electron microscopy measurements, we found that Cu or Ag top electrodes often exhibit flaking of the metal upon P3 (top contact removal) laser patterning. For Cu/Au bilayer top electrodes, metal flaking may cause intermittent short-circuits between interconnected sub-cells during operation, resulting in fluctuations in the maximum power point (MPP). Here, we demonstrate Cu/Au metal-bilayer-based PSMs with an efficiency of 18.9% on an active area of 2.2 cm2 under continuous 1-sun illumination. This work highlights the importance of optimizing the top-contact composition to tackle the operational stability of mini-modules, and could help to improve the feasibility of large-area module deployment for the commercialization of perovskite photovoltaics.

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Cutting‐Edge Studies Toward Commercialization of Large Area Solution‐Processed Perovskite Solar Cells

Han

Gong

Kim

et al. 2022

Adv Materials Technologies

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The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has been renewed annually, now recorded to 25.7%, which is the highest efficiency for thin‐film solar cells, raising expectations for commercialization. However, the PSCs have a massive technical lack in entering the photovoltaic industry because of the low PCE of perovskite solar modules (PSMs), poor stability, high levelized cost of energy (LCOE), and environmental issues. Here, cutting‐edge studies for overcoming the challenges faced by commercialization of PSCs are discussed. First, the reduction of the efficiency gap between small‐area PSCs and the large‐area PSMs via the solution process is reviewed. Second, the strategies for stable PSMs are discussed to reduce the LCOE. In addition, the environmental issues for manufacturing and sustainable use of PSMs are dealt with and it is demonstrated that the recycling/reuse of PSMs is the most promising way to reduce the manufacturing costs. Finally, it is suggested that the life cycle assessment system from manufacturing to recycling/reuse for PSMs is the key technology to resolve the commercialization issues of PSCs.

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Ablation mechanisms of nanosecond and picosecond laser scribing for metal halide perovskite module interconnection – An experimental and numerical analysis

Cited by 42 publications

References 42 publications

Perovskite modules with 99% geometrical fill factor using point contact interconnections design

Perovskite modules with 99% geometrical fill factor using point contact interconnections design

Stability Assessment of p-i-n Perovskite Photovoltaic Mini-Modules Utilizing Different Top Metal Electrodes

Cutting‐Edge Studies Toward Commercialization of Large Area Solution‐Processed Perovskite Solar Cells

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