About the sex ratio in connection with early embryonic mortality in man

Evdokimova, Viktoria; Nikitina, Tatiana; Lebedev, I. N.; Суханова, Н. Н.; Nazarenko, S. A.

doi:10.1007/bf02758829

Cited by 17 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Faster male embryos development than female ones were discovered in some animal studies [18,19]. A cytogenetic examination of 342 spontaneous abortions divided into three groups according to the severity of embryonic developmental disturbance, and in which the likelihood of maternal cell contamination was low following analysis of embryonic and parental DNA, suggested, based on the maleto-female ratios, that the expression of genes from the maternal X-chromosome in XY embryos may enhance more stable development during early embryogenesis [7] because that one of the two copies of X chromosome on female was inactivated randomly during embryogenesis (X-chromosome inactivation). Determination of sex ratios of early miscarriages based on gestational age found a predominance of male abortuses before 10 weeks but a female predominance at higher gestational ages [20].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The higher number of males may be related to early in-utero selection or sex chromosome advantages. One study suggested that the maternal X-chromosome in XY embryos may result in more stable development [7]. An increasing trend in the sex ratio which indicated more male baby at birth has been noted in many countries [8], including Taiwan [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chromosome distribution of early miscarriages with present or absent embryos: female predominance

Cheng

Tsai

et al. 2014

J Assist Reprod Genet

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Purpose The objective of this study is to compare the chromosomal distribution of early miscarriages with or without embryonic poles. Materials and methods It was a retrospective study of 223 women who underwent dilation and curettage (D&C) between 1995 and 2013 for early miscarriages. The presence or absence of a fetal pole was evaluated by abdominal or transvaginal ultrasound. Cytogenetic tests of products of conception following culture were determined in both groups. Results Of the 223 early miscarriages, 143 had embryos and 80 did not. The abnormality rate differed significantly (61.5 % vs. 46.3 %, p<0.05), with trisomy 18, 21 and 45X found only in miscarriages with embryos. There were no significant differences between groups in rates of triploidy, tetraploidy, mosaicism, structure and double abnormality. The female abortus rate was higher in miscarriages with or without embryonic poles, as well as in groups with normal and abnormal karyotypes.Conclusions Chromosome distribution differs in miscarriages with or without embryonic poles. The ultrasound findings might offer different direction to determine the causes of early miscarriages. The higher female abortus rate may be associated with early selection.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chromosome distribution of early miscarriages with present or absent embryos: female predominance

Cheng

Tsai

et al. 2014

J Assist Reprod Genet

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“…Also, nonspecific stress axis activation is known to result in systemic immunosuppression (Elenkov and Chrousos 2002). The implantation success rate is higher for male zygotes (Kirby et al 1967;Kirby 1970), and consequently, the sex ratio at the early embryonal stage (0.621 in weeks 5-7 of gestation) is heavily male-biased (Kellokumpu-Lehtinen and Pelliniemi 1984;Evdokimova et al 2000;Milki et al 2003;Vatten and Skjaerven 2004). The maternal immunological reaction against male-specific H-Y antigens is an important cause of selective mortality of the Y-chromosome-bearing embryos and, consequently, of the secondary sex ratio adjustment (Christiansen et al 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Women infected with parasite Toxoplasma have more sons

Kaňková

Šulc²,

Nouzová³

et al. 2006

Naturwissenschaften

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The boy-to-girl ratio at birth (secondary sex ratio) is around 0.51 in most populations. The sex ratio varies between societies and may be influenced by many factors, such as stress and immunosuppression, age, primiparity, the sex of the preceding siblings and the socioeconomic status of the parents. As parasite infection affects many immunological and physiological parameters of the host, we analyzed the effect of latent toxoplasmosis on sex ratios in humans. Clinical records of 1,803 infants born from 1996 to 2004 contained information regarding the mother's age, concentration of anti-Toxoplasma antibodies, previous deliveries and abortions and the sex of the newborn. The results of our retrospective cohort study suggest that the presence of one of the most common parasites (with a worldwide prevalence from 20 to 80%), Toxoplasma gondii, can influence the secondary sex ratio in humans. Depending on the antibody concentration, the probability of the birth of a boy can increase up to a value of 0.72, C.I.95 = (0.636, 0.805), which means that for every 260 boys born, 100 girls are born to women with the highest concentration of anti-Toxoplasma antibodies. The toxoplasmosis associated with immunosuppression or immunomodulation might be responsible for the enhanced survival of male embryos. In light of the high prevalence of latent toxoplasmosis in most countries, the impact of toxoplasmosis on the human population might be considerable.

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“…Most spontaneous abortions occur early in gestation, but those among females appear more concentrated in the first trimester than those among males (Boklage, 2005; Evdokimova et al, 2000). Fetal loss of both sexes declines after the first trimester and then peaks again between the 16th to 20th week (Goldhaber and Fireman, 1991).…”

Section: Yield Of Grandchildrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

A sex-specific test of selection in utero

Catalano

Saxton

Bruckner

et al. 2009

Journal of Theoretical Biology

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We find support for the hypothesis that changes in the monthly odds of a twin among live-born males predict subsequent and opposite changes in the odds of a twin among live-born females. The hypothesis arises from the long standing argument that natural selection has conserved mechanisms by which pregnant women in stressed populations spontaneously abort fetuses least likely to yield grandchildren. Previous attempts to empirically test this argument focus almost entirely on males. We contribute to the literature by showing that, consistent with the logic of natural selection, maternal adaptations to environmental changes likely have effects on the survival of both male and female conceptuses and fetuses.

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About the sex ratio in connection with early embryonic mortality in man

Cited by 17 publications

References 29 publications

Chromosome distribution of early miscarriages with present or absent embryos: female predominance

Chromosome distribution of early miscarriages with present or absent embryos: female predominance

Women infected with parasite Toxoplasma have more sons

A sex-specific test of selection in utero

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