“…Among them are the values and school climate, the nature of leadership, the effect of the teacher, pedagogical methods and expectations (Henderson and Milstein, 2003;Rockoff, 2004;Siraj and Taggart, 2014); the distribution of the school budget for certain programs and activities, teachers' salaries, and teachers' professional experience (Tajalli and Opheim, 2005); family-school partnerships and community support (Cicchetti, 2013;Masten and Cicchetti, 2016); and significant student relationships with adults (both parents and teachers), the positive use of learning time (including extra-curricular activities), motivation through encouragement and the communication of high expectations, and the recognition of accomplishment (Pisapia and Westfall, 1994). Several of these factors have been identified consistently in both comparative cross country studies (Agasisti, Longobardi & Regoli, 2017;Sandoval-Hernández & Białowolski, 2016) and national studies in countries with different economic and social contexts (Agasisti, Soncin & Valenti, 2016;Pinskaya et al, 2018;Wills & Hofmeyr, 2019).…”