Absence of neutralizing activity in serum 1 year after successful treatment with antivirals and recovery from MERS in South Korea

Choi, Jun Yong; Oh, Jin Ok; Ahn, Jin Young; Choi, Hosoon; Kim, Jun Hyoung; Seong, Hye; Jeong, Su Jin; Ku, Nam Su; Yeom, Joon‐Sup; Choi, Jaewon

doi:10.7774/cevr.2019.8.1.86

Cited by 4 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…Although the rate of seroconversion increased with disease severity, 75% of the deceased MERS-CoV infected patients who developed pneumonia did not seroconvert [45]. Another study by Choi et al demonstrated the absence of neutralizing antibodies one year after successful treatment of MERS-CoV infected patients who had developed mild pneumonia [46]. Their observation is consistent with the previous study where disease severity correlated with seroconversion.…”

Section: Pathogenesis Of Mers-covsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…In the same study, MERS survivors with undetectable MERS-CoV-specific antibody responses mounted CD8+ T cell responses [47]. This observation adds more detail to previous studies where neutralizing antibody levels were not detected in MERS survivors and disease severity correlated with seroconversion [45,46]. These observations raise an important question: can MERS-CoV infection be augmented by the presence of antibodies?…”

Section: Role Of T Cells In Mers-cov Infections Has Been Recently Repsupporting

confidence: 76%

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Molecular Pathogenesis of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) Coronavirus

Banerjee

Baid

Mossman

2019

Curr Clin Micro Rpt

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Purpose of Review Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged in 2012 and is listed in the World Health Organization's blueprint of priority diseases that need immediate research. Camels are reservoirs of this virus, and the virus spills over into humans through direct contact with camels. Human-to-human transmission and travel-associated cases have been identified as well. Limited studies have characterized the molecular pathogenesis of MERS-CoV. Most studies have used ectopic expression of viral proteins to characterize MERS-CoV and its ability to modulate antiviral responses in human cells. Studies with live virus are limited, largely due to the requirement of high containment laboratories. In this review, we have summarized current studies on MERS-CoV molecular pathogenesis and have mentioned some recent strategies that are being developed to control MERS-CoV infection. Recent Findings Multiple antiviral molecules with the potential to inhibit MERS-CoV infection by disrupting virus-receptor interactions are being developed and tested. Although human vaccine candidates are still being developed, a candidate camel vaccine is being tested for efficacy. Combination of supportive treatment with interferon and antivirals is also being explored. Summary New antiviral molecules that inhibit MERS-CoVand host cell receptor interaction may become available in the future. Additional studies are required to identify and characterize the pathogenesis of MERS-CoV EMC/2012 and other circulating strains. An effective MERS-CoV vaccine, for humans and/or camels, along with an efficient combination antiviral therapy may help us prevent future MERS cases.

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Section: Pathogenesis Of Mers-covsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Role Of T Cells In Mers-cov Infections Has Been Recently Repsupporting

confidence: 76%

Molecular Pathogenesis of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) Coronavirus

Banerjee

Baid

Mossman

2019

Curr Clin Micro Rpt

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“…After calculating the point estimate of the mean for the rest of the studies, which did not report study setting ( Weir et al, 2018 ), the mean age for all COVID-19 cases reached 51.26 ( n = 3122) ( Cai et al, 2020a ; Chen et al, 2020 ; Cheng et al, 2020 ; Du et al, 2020 ; Fan et al, 2020 ; Fernández-Ruiz et al, 2020 Fernández‐Ruiz et al, 2020 ; Huang et al, 2020a ; Huang et al, 2020b ; Hung et al, 2020 ; Jian-ya, 2020 ; Jiang et al, 2020 ; Jin et al, 2020 ; Liao et al, 2020 ; Liu et al, 2020a ; Liu et al, 2020b ; Lo et al, 2020 ; Pan et al, 2020 ; Qiu et al, 2020 ; Rui et al, 2020b ; Sun et al, 2020 ; To et al, 2020 ; Wan et al, 2020 ; Wang et al, 2020a ; Wang et al, 2020b ; Wang et al, 2020c ; Xiao-Wei et al, 2020 ; Yu et al, 2020 ; Yuan et al, 2020 ; Zhou et al, 2020b ). In 24 distinct MERS publications, 1196 patients, including 587 males, 269 females, and 340 whose gender was not reported, were investigated ( Al Ghamdi et al, 2016 ; Al-Hameed et al, 2016 ; Al-Qaseer, 2015 ; Al-Tawfiq and Hinedi, 2018 ; Al-Tawfiq et al, 2014 ; Alfaraj et al, 2019 ; Arabi et al, 2019 ; Cha et al, 2016 ; Choi et al, 2019 ; Choi et al, 2016 ; Garout et al, 2018 ; Habib et al, 2019 ; Khalid et al, 2016 ; Khalid et al, 2015 ; Khalid et al, 2014 ; Kim et al, 2017 ; Kim et al, 2016 ; Lee et al, 2017 ; Malik et al, 2016 ; Oh et al, 2015 ; Omrani et al, 2014 ; …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 24 distinct MERS publications, 1196 patients, including 587 males, 269 females, and 340 whose gender was not reported, were investigated ( Al Ghamdi et al, 2016 ; Al-Hameed et al, 2016 ; Al-Qaseer, 2015 ; Al-Tawfiq and Hinedi, 2018 ; Al-Tawfiq et al, 2014 ; Alfaraj et al, 2019 ; Arabi et al, 2019 ; Cha et al, 2016 ; Choi et al, 2019 ; Choi et al, 2016 ; Garout et al, 2018 ; Habib et al, 2019 ; Khalid et al, 2016 ; Khalid et al, 2015 ; Khalid et al, 2014 ; Kim et al, 2017 ; Kim et al, 2016 ; Lee et al, 2017 ; Malik et al, 2016 ; Oh et al, 2015 ; Omrani et al, 2014 ; Rhee et al, 2016 ; Shalhoub et al, 2015 ; Sherbini et al, 2017 ). The mean age for patients with MERS was 53.58 ( n = 464) for 17 studies ( Al-Qaseer, 2015 ; Al-Tawfiq and Hinedi, 2018 ; Al-Tawfiq et al, 2014 ; Alfaraj et al, 2019 ; Cha et al, 2016 ; Choi et al, 2019 ; Habib et al, 2019 ; Khalid et al, 2015 ; Khalid et al, 2014 ; Kim et al, 2017 ; Kim et al, 2016 ; Lee et al, 2017 ; Malik et al, 2016 ; Oh et al, 2015 ; Omrani et al, 2014 ; Rhee et al, 2016 ; Sherbini et al, 2017 ), and after estimation of missing mean age reached 53.33 ( n = 1170) for all eligible MERS studies ( Al Ghamdi et al, 2016 ; Al-Hameed et al, 2016 ; Al-Qaseer, 2015 ; Al-Tawfiq and Hinedi, 2018 ; Al-Tawfiq et al, 2014 ; Alfaraj et al, 2019 ; Arabi et al, 2019 ; Cha et al, 2016 ; Choi et al, 2019 ; Choi et al, 2016 …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interferon therapy in patients with SARS, MERS, and COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies

Saleki

Yaribash

Banazadeh

et al. 2021

European Journal of Pharmacology

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Concern regarding coronavirus (CoV) outbreaks has stayed relevant to global health in the last decades. Emerging COVID-19 infection, caused by the novel SARS-CoV2, is now a pandemic, bringing a substantial burden to human health. Interferon (IFN), combined with other antivirals and various treatments, has been used to treat and prevent MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV2 infections. We aimed to assess the clinical efficacy of IFN-based treatments and combinational therapy with antivirals, corticosteroids, traditional medicine, and other treatments. Major healthcare databases and grey literature were investigated. A three-stage screening was utilized, and included studies were checked against the protocol eligibility criteria. Risk of bias assessment and data extraction were performed, followed by narrative data synthesis. Fifty-five distinct studies of SARS-CoV2, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV were spotted. Our narrative synthesis showed a possible benefit in the use of IFN. A good quality cohort showed lower CRP levels in Arbidol (ARB) + IFN group vs. IFN only group. Another study reported a significantly shorter chest X-ray (CXR) resolution in IFN-Alfacon-1 + corticosteroid group compared with the corticosteroid only group in SARS-CoV patients. In a COVID-19 trial, total adverse drug events (ADEs) were much lower in the Favipiravir (FPV) + IFN-α group compared with the LPV/RTV arm (P = 0.001). Also, nausea in patients receiving FPV + IFN-α regimen was significantly lower (P = 0.03). Quantitative analysis of mortality did not show a conclusive effect for IFN/RBV treatment in six moderately heterogeneous MERS-CoV studies (log OR=-0.05, 95% CI: (-0.71,0.62), I 2 =44.71%). A meta-analysis of three COVID-19 studies did not show a conclusive nor meaningful relation between receiving IFN and COVID-19 severity (log OR=-0.44, 95% CI: (-1.13,0.25), I 2 =31.42%). A lack of high-quality cohorts and controlled trials was observed. Evidence suggests the potential efficacy of several combination IFN therapies such as lower ADEs, quicker resolution of CXR, or a decrease in inflammatory cytokines; Still, these options must possibly be further explored before being recommended in public guidelines. For all major CoVs, our results may indicate a lack of a definitive effect of IFN treatment on mortality. We recommend such therapeutics be administered with extreme caution until further investigation uncovers high-quality evidence in favor of IFN or combination therapy with IFN.

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“… 12 13 Immunity to colds is less than half a year, and immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome or Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus is about 1-3 years, which is based on the results of small-scale. 14 15 16 In any case, it is certain that immunity against coronavirus is not permanent, so even if herd immunity is formed, there is no way to stop getting it again when the seasons change.…”

Section: Sweden's Lenient Strategy Against Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

Social Distancing and Lessons from Sweden's Lenient Strategy against Corona Virus Disease 2019

Yoo

2020

J Korean Med Sci

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Social distancing is also called physical distancing. The term social distancing is usually used, but the word 'society' gives the nuance of being alienated from the group I live in, so it is recommended that it be better to call it physical distance. Nevertheless, the term social distancing is still preferred. By definition, this is a whole set of ways to reduce the frequency of physical contact between people and to reduce their frequency as much as possible to reduce the risk of disease transmission. The goal is to slow the spread of the corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as much as possible so that the health care system of a country runs smoothly without overload. Hence social distancing is inseparable from the so-called 'flattening the curve'. 1,2 In fact, flattening the curve is a concept that becomes complete when 'raising the line (expanding the health care capacity)' is performed simultaneously. At this point, let's make sure to define one key point of social distancing that many people may misunderstand. Social distancing alone does not completely terminate the COVID-19 epidemic. To be more honest, it cannot eventually stop COVID-19 from spreading. This is a really uncomfortable truth. Let's revisit the definition of social distancing mentioned above. Social distancing is a means to 'slow down' the rate at which the disease spreads, not a complete blockade. The definition implies the frightening premise that all of us will someday get COVID-19 anyway if we do not have a specific antiviral agent or vaccine. Then, why do we implement social distancing? If the disease spreads rapidly and exceeds the range that can be handled, it can become a heavy burden to even the best medical system and facilities. Even if they could barely deal with the burden, the tragic situation in which critical patients are dying due to lack of medical resources is unfolding. Once we have grasped the concept of social distancing, we will have an answer on what to do in the future: We have no choice but to save physical space and time to treat every sick and severe patient. Minimizing the physical contact of each member of society could slow the spreading speed of COVID-19. Then, the outbreak of patients will occur as slowly as possible, and from a

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Absence of neutralizing activity in serum 1 year after successful treatment with antivirals and recovery from MERS in South Korea

Cited by 4 publications

References 8 publications

Molecular Pathogenesis of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) Coronavirus

Molecular Pathogenesis of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) Coronavirus

Interferon therapy in patients with SARS, MERS, and COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies

Social Distancing and Lessons from Sweden's Lenient Strategy against Corona Virus Disease 2019

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