Absolute intensity measurements of the carbon and aluminium X-ray K-lines with a proportional counter

X-ray emission spectra of small molecules

“…A calculation of the total K quanta production per incident electron shows that in an X-ray tube operating at about 5 kV with an A1 anode, one may expect an A1 Ks yield of about 5.2-10 -5 quanta per electron and solid angle [6]. This is in good agreement with experiments (5.7.10 -5 quanta/electron and solid angle) [7]. To obtain a photon flux from the X-ray tube comparable to the electron current attainable in direct electron impact, the electron gun in the X-ray tube must produce a current several orders of magnitude higher.…”

Further Studies of the Absolute Intensity of Emission of Characteristic X-Radiation

“…In the case of titanium K radiation our results are a little higher than those of Brown and Ogilvie (1964) but somewhat lower than those of Green and Cosslett (1968). For aluminium K radiation Campbell's (1963) values are less than ours, which agree well with the measurements of Dolby (1960) and of Green and Cosslett. Our measurements for carbon agree well with those of Campbell but are much less than those of Green and Cosslett.…”

“…Such a window would have a large absorption correction, and possibly carbon K radiation may have been indirectly excited in it. Dolby (1960) using the same sort of counter also obtained much higher yields than those of Figure 6(b).…”

“…Figure 5(b) shows our measurements for c/> = 32° compared with those of Dolby (1960), and those of Green and Cosslett (1968) converted to observed values, together with theoretical curves due to Suoninen (1964) and those from the Metchnik-Tomlin (1963) theory. There is good agreement between the experimental results shown.…”

X-Ray Microscopy of Biological Objects with Carbon K α and with Synchrotron Radiation

“…As x-ray sources we used both a source of carbon Ka radiation [wavelength (x) = 44.8 Al and the radiation of the DESY (Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron) accelerator in Hamburg. Shorter exposure times are obtained with carbon Ka than with the previously used aluminum Ka radiation (X = 8.3 A) (2)(3)(4)(5)8), because carbon Ka radiation can be generated with high efficiency (9) and because the absorption of most resists increases with wavelength in the x-ray range.…”