“…Examples of the second category of challenges are the nature of activities, the structure of activities, and the availability of scaffolding (Falcione et al, 2019;Han & Ellis, 2021;Tan et al, 2016). Student factors are the third category of challenges, including students' attitudes, emotions, self-efficacy, self-regulation, and metacognition (Han & Ellis, 2021;Favor & Kulp, 2015). Among all challenges, student factors might be the leading impediment to the success of collaborative learning.…”