Access to Optimal Calcination Temperature for Nanoparticle Synthesis from Hydroxyapatite Bovine Femur Bone Waste

Abstract

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is one of the vital and bioactive materials that are commonly used in biomedical field and concentrated in clinical area. It is a bio-ceramic powder synthesized by using different bio-waste materials such as bovine femur bone. In this study, the bovine femur bone powder was prepared to obtain nano powder. The purpose of this study was to reach the optimal temperature to obtain nanoparticles HAp. The resulted powder was calcinated in a furnace at different temperatures (900, 950, 1000, 1050 and 1100 °C) for 2 h at the heating rate of 10 °C/min and cooled slowly in a furnace. Results showed, the formation of pure HAp by the presence of peaks corresponding to (PO 4 ) 3-at 632/cm and OH -at 3,572/cm in fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). For the calcined samples, there were three main peaks of 211, 112 and 300 planes at 2θ near 31.8, 32.2 and 32.9 respectively. The amorphous raw bones were transformed into crystalline phase and the lattice parameters for HAp c and a were calculated in X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman analysis showed that the calcination process removed the organic compound from the bovine femur bones matrix. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) showed that the shape of the granules was irregular, containing quantities of oxygen, magnesium, sodium and carbon; the ratio of calcium to phosphate was calculated, Atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed that the particles sizes ranged from nanometers to microns. EDX result found that the calcium to phosphate ratio reached 1.7058 after calcination at 950 °C which was close to stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (1.67). This result implied the formation of pure HAp phase at 950 °C.

Effect of the Nano Crystal Size on the X-ray Diffraction Patterns of Biogenic Hydroxyapatite from Human, Bovine, and Porcine Bones

“…Here, the interpretation done by different authors is referred as that the FWHM decreases due to an increase of the crystalline quality of the sample, but the incineration process produces a coalescence phenomenon that originates the growth of the crystal and the X-ray diffraction instead inelastic scattering governs this kind of patterns 6 . It can be interpreted as follows: first, the raw crystals improved their crystalline quality or due to the heating process the raw samples suffer a coalescence prosses increasing the crystal size from nano to micro, but it cannot be interpreted saying that the crystalline quality of the sample increases as is commonly reported 9,13,33,34 .…”

Effect of calcination temperature on characterization of natural hydroxyapatite prepared from carp fish bones

“…Jaber et al [11] utilized the camelus bone to synthesize HAp powders, and the results present that powders obtained at calcining temperature (1000 °C) were a pure hydroxyapatite with the Ca/P ratio of 1.6557. Hammood et al [12] used the bovine femur bone to synthesize natural hydroxyapatite, and the results show the optimal calcination temperature to obtain near to pure hydroxyapatite at 900 °C. Hammood et al [13] studied the comparison of nano-synthetically produced and natural HAp powder, and the results present that, the biowaste materials which calcined at 950 °C could produce micro-hydroxyapatite that was nearly like the commercial nano-hydroxyapatite.…”

Preparation and synthesis of hydroxyapatite bio-ceramic from bovine bone by thermal heat treatment

“…Table 1 shows biological, mechanical, and physiochemical, properties of HAp [5]. HAp can be produced in two methods including chemical methods [6] [7] and natural resources [8] [9]. HAp typically synthesized from the chemical methods presents some drawbacks: they are having cytotoxicity [10], hazardous chemicals [11] and relatively high cost [4].…”