Accidental Activists: Latin American Status-Seeking at The Hague

Schulz, Carsten‐Andreas

doi:10.1093/isq/sqx030

Cited by 24 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…These attempts ran parallel to similar initiatives in Europe that created institutions to regulate communications and navigation. Latin America closely followed European trends but remained peripheral to them (Schulz 2017). For example, the region’s governments were not part of the International Telegraphic Union (neither was the United States), and only Costa Rica and Ecuador attended the Paris Postal Congress of 1863.…”

Section: State Consolidation and The Origins Of Regional Cooperationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Setting the Regional Agenda: A Critique of Posthegemonic Regionalism

Petersen

Schulz

2018

Lat Am Polit Soc

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There is a growing scholarly consensus that Latin American regionalism has entered a new phase. For some observers, the increasing complexity of regional cooperation initiatives renders collective action ineffective. For others, the creation of new schemes signals a “posthegemonic” moment that has opened a space for collaboration on social issues. Both camps attribute this shift to the absence of the United States and the presence of left-leaning governments. By contrast, this study demonstrates that this agenda is not new, nor has the United States impeded similar initiatives in the past. In fact, the United States was instrumental in expanding regional cooperation on social issues in the early twentieth century. Instead, this article argues that agenda shifts are best explained by an evolving consensus about the role of the state. The “new agenda” is in line with historical attempts by governments to use regionalism to bolster their own domestic reforms.

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Section: State Consolidation and The Origins Of Regional Cooperationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Setting the Regional Agenda: A Critique of Posthegemonic Regionalism

Petersen

Schulz

2018

Lat Am Polit Soc

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“…Latin America's regional practices travelled to the global level. Finnemore and Jurkovich (2014) illustrate how inter-American practices and Latin American participation in the 1899 and 1907 Hague Conferences established roots for norms of universal international participationa bridge from the great powers-only Concert to the near-universal League of Nations (Schulz 2017).…”

Section: International Lawmentioning

confidence: 99%

Republican internationalism: the nineteenth-century roots of Latin American contributions to international order

Long

Schulz

2021

Cambridge Review of International Affairs

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Although Latin America plays a minimal role in debates on the 'liberal international order', scholars recognize the region's influence on international law, norms, and institutions. We contend that these Latin American contributions to international order spring from a tradition of 'republican internationalism', rooted in the region's domestic political traditions and practices. Republican principles such as the separation of power, association, and the rule of law had important corollaries in Latin American international relations, including sovereign equality, confederation and regional cooperation, and international law and arbitration. These republican internationalist ideas shaped Latin America's diplomatic traditions and its contributions to international order in the nineteenth century and beyond. Attention to republican internationalism and Latin American contributions demonstrates how actors beyond the North Atlantic shaped the origins of international order. This study also advances debates on the sources of the liberal international order by demonstrating the distinctive influence of republican ideas and practices.

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“…Almost immediately, delegates from other states – especially those from Latin America –condemned these proposals, arguing that they violated principles of sovereign equality (Schulz, 2017; Simpson, 2004). ‘The interests of peace are not served,’ the Brazilian delegate Barbosa argued, ‘by creating among States through a contractual stipulation categories of sovereignty that humiliate Some to the profit of others, by sapping the bases of the existence of all’ (PHPC, 1907, vol.…”

Section: ‘Public Opinion Will Wait’: the 1907 Hague Conferencementioning

confidence: 99%

‘Most Potent and Irresistible Moral Influence’: Public Opinion, Rhetorical Coercion, and the Hague Conferences

MacDonald

2020

Global Policy

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International relations scholars debate whether the current liberal order can adapt to power shifts among the great powers. Yet historically, contestation among the great powers has often revolved around the question of whether the international system should be organized along liberal and institutional lines in the first place. In this paper, I examine great power negotiation strategies at the 1899 and 1907 Hague conferences, an often overlooked yet critical episode of liberal order-building. As rising powers shuffled the great power ranks, many hoped that the Hague conferences would prevent arms racing, reduce the barbarity of war, and promote peaceful solutions to international crises. Champions of liberal rules and institutions used principled persuasion, appealing to shared norms and collective identities. They also engaged in rhetorical coercion, seeking at times to shame potential obstructionists. Yet the conferences revealed the profound limitations of these soft-power based negotiation strategies. For a brief moment in 1899, circumstances allowed champions of the Hague system to persuade states to sign on to the laws of war and to embarrass states into accepting arbitration. Yet by 1907, conditions had changed and obstructionists were able to mobilize broad coalitions to block significant change. The Hague conferences highlight the importance of interstate coalitional networks in institutional adaptation. Policy Implications • States seeking institutional adaptation should use principled persuasion when preferences are relatively aligned and there is a strong normative consensus in favor of reform. • States seeking institutional adaptation should use rhetorical coercion when they are not acting in an obviously hypocritical manner and the target has clearly violated a widely shared normative principle.

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Accidental Activists: Latin American Status-Seeking at The Hague

Cited by 24 publications

References 39 publications

Setting the Regional Agenda: A Critique of Posthegemonic Regionalism

Setting the Regional Agenda: A Critique of Posthegemonic Regionalism

Republican internationalism: the nineteenth-century roots of Latin American contributions to international order

‘Most Potent and Irresistible Moral Influence’: Public Opinion, Rhetorical Coercion, and the Hague Conferences

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