Accommodating the cost of growth and swimming in fish—the applicability of exercise-induced growth to juvenile hapuku (Polyprion oxygeneios)

Abstract

Induced-swimming can improve the growth and feed conversion efficiency of finfish aquaculture species, such as salmonids and Seriola sp., but some species, such as Atlantic cod, show no or a negative productivity response to exercise. As a possible explanation for these species-specific differences, a recent hypothesis proposed that the applicability of exercise training, as well as the exercise regime for optimal growth gain (ERopt growth), was dependent upon the size of available aerobic metabolic scope (AMS). This study aimed to test this hypothesis by measuring the growth and swimming metabolism of hapuku, Polyprion oxygeneios, to different exercise regimes and then reconciling the metabolic costs of swimming and specific dynamic action (SDA) against AMS. Two 8-week growth trials were conducted with ERs of 0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, and 1.5 body lengths per second (BL s−1). Fish in the first trial showed a modest 4.8% increase in SGR over static controls in the region 0.5–0.75 BL s−1 whereas the fish in trial 2 showed no significant effect of ER on growth performance. Reconciling the SDA of hapuku with the metabolic costs of swimming showed that hapuku AMS is sufficient to support growth and swimming at all ERs. The current study therefore suggests that exercise-induced growth is independent of AMS and is driven by other factors.

Comparison on growth performance, body coloration changes and stress response of juvenile river catfish, Pangasius hypophthalmus reared in different tank background colour

“…However, there may be species‐specific differences in energy allocation and biomass gain in relation to activity (Khan et al, ). A previous study from Monk, Puvanendran, and Brown () reported that no significant differences between growth and survival, as shown by foraging behaviour such as swimming of Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua ) when reared in two different colours, beige (light colour) or black (dark colour).…”

Aerobic swimming in intensive finfish aquaculture: applications for production, mitigation and selection

“…In fact, fish species may be able to exercise constantly at velocities between 0.5 and 2 BL s À1 without any decline in growth rate, by compensating with increased feed intake. This, of course, implies progressively reduced feed efficiency and FCR as swimming speed increases (Kiessling et al, 1994(Kiessling et al, , 2005Khan et al, 2014;Skov et al, 2015; Table 1). It is conceivable, nonetheless, that FCR and growth 'efficiency' are improved in exercised fish compared with those held in still water (Christiansen & Jobling, 1990;Jobling et al, 1993;Shrivastava et al, 2018).…”

“…Swimming exercise can stimulate appetite (Fig. 2) to match the increased metabolic demands of locomotion, such that growth is not compromised or is even increased (Leon, 1986; Totland et al, 1987; Christiansen & Jobling, 1990; Jørgensen & Jobling, 1993; Khan et al, 2014; Skov et al, 2015; Li et al, 2016). In fact, fish species may be able to exercise constantly at velocities between 0.5 and 2 BL s −1 without any decline in growth rate, by compensating with increased feed intake.…”

“…In fact, fish species may be able to exercise constantly at velocities between 0.5 and 2 BL s −1 without any decline in growth rate, by compensating with increased feed intake. This, of course, implies progressively reduced feed efficiency and FCR as swimming speed increases (Kiessling et al, 1994, 2005; Khan et al, 2014; Skov et al, 2015; Table 1).…”

Exercise improves growth, alters physiological performance and gene expression in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

“…For example, sustained exercise resulted in augmented growth in: brown trout (Salmo trutta; Davison and Goldspink, 1977), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss; Walker and Emerson, 1978;Nahhas et al, 1982;Houlihan and Laurent, 1987), Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar; Kuipers, 1982;Totland et al, 1987), Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus; Christiansen et al, 1989;Christiansen and Jobling, 1990) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis; Leon, 1986;East and Magnan, 1987). Exercise-induced growth has also been reported for non-salmonids such as gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata; Ibarz et al, 2011;Sánchez-Gurmaches et al, 2013), striped bass (Morone saxatilis; Young and Cech Jr, 1993), qingbo (Spinibarbus sinensis; Li et al, 2013), hapuku (Polyprion oxygeneios; Khan et al, 2014), pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus; Nunes et al, 2013), zebrafish (Danio rerio; Palstra et al, 2010) and yellow tail kingfish (Seriola lalandi; Brown et al, 2011;Palstra et al, 2015).…”