Accommodation of the Rare Earths in the Periodic Table

Thyssen, Pieter; Binnemans, Koen

doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53590-0.00001-7

Cited by 12 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 116 publications

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“…In another version, it is affirmed that the first registration occurred in 1751, when the Swedish chemist Axel Frederik Cronstedt discovered a heavy rock in the Bastnas mine in Sweden, in which Martin Heinrich Klaproth and Jons Jacob Berzelius, along with Wilhelm Hisinger later in 1803, isolated an earth that they named cerium. Thus, in the beginning of the nineteenth century, two REE were known Byttrium^(discovered in 1794) and Bcerium^(discovered in 1803) [5]. As time passed and new technologies were developed, it was found out that these two earths (yttrium and cerium) were a complex mixture of other elements.…”

Section: Discovery and Occurrence Of Reementioning

confidence: 99%

Rare Earth Elements in the Soil Environment

et al. 2016

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Rare earth elements (REE) are a homogenous group of 17 chemical elements in the periodic table that are key to many modern industries including chemicals, consumer electronics, clean energy, transportation, health care, aviation, and defense. Moreover, in recent years, they have been used in agriculture. One of the consequences of their worldwide use is the possible increase of their levels in various environmental compartments. This review addresses major topics concerning the study of REE in the soil environment, with special attention to the latest research findings. The main sources of REE to soils, the contents of REE in soils worldwide, and relevant information on the effects of REE to plants were explored. Ecological and human health risk issues related to the presence of REE in soils were also discussed. Although several findings reported positive effects of REE on plant growth, many questions about their biological role remain unanswered. Therefore, studies concerning the actual mechanism of action of these elements on cellular and physiological processes should be further refined. Even more urgent is to unveil their chemical behavior in soils and the ecological and human health risks that might be associated with the widespread use of REE in our modern society.

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Section: Discovery and Occurrence Of Reementioning

confidence: 99%

Rare Earth Elements in the Soil Environment

et al. 2016

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“…The form and arrangement of the Periodic Table is of considerable current interest [ 1 ]. Some of this interest comes from the discussion of whether lanthanum should be classed as a Group 3 element along with scandium and yttrium [ 2 ] or whether lutetium is better suited to be a member of this group than lanthanum [ 3 , 4 ]. From the viewpoint of structural chemistry, the coordination number and geometry adopted by the +3 metal ion in a complex is dependent on the size of the ion, with the steric requirements of the ligands playing a secondary role; ligand field effects do not contribute to complexes of the Ln(III) ions or for Sc(III) and Y(III).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Synthesis and Structure of a Scandium Nitrate Hydroxy-Bridged Dimeric Complex Supported by Bipyridyl Ligands

et al. 2022

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The current discussion on whether scandium, yttrium and lanthanum should represent Group 3 in the Periodic Table or whether lutetium should replace lanthanum in the group has prompted us to further explore the structural chemistry of the Group 3 elements and compare the coordination numbers and coordination geometries adopted. The steric and electronic properties of the coordinated ligands have a major influence on the structures adopted. We report the synthesis and crystal structure determination of an unusual dinuclear scandium complex [(bipy)(NO3)2Sc(µ-OH)2Sc(NO3)2(bipy)] obtained by the reaction of hydrated scandium nitrate with 2,2′-bipyridyl (bipy) in either ethanol or nitromethane. The crystal structure of the complex shows that the scandium centers are eight coordinate, and the structure obtained contrasts with related complexes found in the lanthanide series [Ln(bipy)2(NO3)3] and [Ln(phen)2(NO3)3] (phen = phenanthroline) and in [M(terpy)(NO3)3] (M = Sc, Er–Lu), where these complexes are all mononuclear.

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“…They are usually silvery-white metals in appearance and possess high electrical conductivity. According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS), REEs are relatively abundant in the Earth’s crust, but are widely dispersed [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. The term “rare” in rare earth metals may have derived from the difficulty of obtaining them as purely individual elements because the chemical differences between individual lanthanides are small.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Updated Review of Toxicity Effect of the Rare Earth Elements (REEs) on Aquatic Organisms

Malhotra

Hsu

Liang

et al. 2020

Animals

126

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Rare earth elements (REEs) or “technology metals” were coined by the U.S. Department of Energy, a group of seventeen elements found in the Earth’s crust. These chemical elements are vital and irreplaceable to the world of technology owing to their unique physical, chemical, and light-emitting properties, all of which are beneficial in modern healthcare, telecommunication, and defense. Rare earth elements are relatively abundant in Earth’s crust, with critical qualities to the device performance. The reuse and recycling of rare earth elements through different technologies can minimize impacts on the environment; however, there is insufficient data about their biological, bioaccumulation, and health effects. The increasing usage of rare earth elements has raised concern about environmental toxicity, which may further cause harmful effects on human health. The study aims to review the toxicity analysis of these rare earth elements concerning aquatic biota, considering it to be the sensitive indicator of the environment. Based on the limited reports of REE effects, the review highlights the need for more detailed studies on the hormetic effects of REEs. Aquatic biota is a cheap, robust, and efficient platform to study REEs’ toxicity, mobility of REEs, and biomagnification in water bodies. REEs’ diverse effects on aquatic life forms have been observed due to the lack of safety limits and extensive use in the various sectors. In accordance with the available data, we have put in efforts to compile all the relevant research results in this paper related to the topic “toxicity effect of REEs on aquatic life”.

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Accommodation of the Rare Earths in the Periodic Table

Cited by 12 publications

References 116 publications

Rare Earth Elements in the Soil Environment

Rare Earth Elements in the Soil Environment

The Synthesis and Structure of a Scandium Nitrate Hydroxy-Bridged Dimeric Complex Supported by Bipyridyl Ligands

An Updated Review of Toxicity Effect of the Rare Earth Elements (REEs) on Aquatic Organisms

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