Accounting CO2 Emissions of the Cement Industry: Based on an Electricity–Carbon Coupling Analysis

Abstract

Since the cement industry acts as a significant contributor to carbon emissions in China, China’s national emission trading system has announced that it should be included in the system soon. However, current cement carbon accounting methods require high-resolution data from various processes on the production line, making it a cumbersome and costly process. To address this issue, this study explores the feasibility and reliability of using machine learning algorithms to develop electricity–carbon models. These models estimate carbon emissions based solely on electricity data, enabling faster and more cost-effective accounting of carbon in cement production. This study investigates the correlations between electricity data and carbon emissions for a large cement manufacturer in southern China. It compares the performance of models based on the supply of electricity (purchased electricity and waste heat electricity) with those based on the consumption of electricity (electricity used on the grinding machines in the production lines) to identify the key factor for carbon emission calculations. The identified best performing model showed high accuracy, with an R2 of 0.96, an RMSPE of 3.88%, and a MAPE of 2.56%. Based on this, the novel electricity–carbon model has the potential to act as one of the optional methods for carbon emissions accounting in the cement industry and to support carbon emissions data promotion within China’s national emission trading systems.

Eco-Friendly Coal Gangue and/or Metakaolin-Based Lightweight Geopolymer with the Addition of Waste Glass

“…Moreover, mullite was detected in the metakaolin structure, which existed as a result of high-temperature treatment [69]. Furthermore, the true density of raw materials was examined, and it achieved 2.566 ± 0.001 g/cm 3 for metakaolin, 2.507 ± 0.001 g/cm 3 for waste glass, 2.273 ± 0.001 g/cm 3 for coal gangue before treatment, and 2.821 ± 0.001 g/cm 3 for calcinated coal gangue.…”

“…Due to its ease of manufacture, low cost, versatility, and easy accessibility, concrete is the most commonly used construction material around the world [2]. However, it is noteworthy that the cement industry is responsible for emitting an enormous amount of carbon dioxide released during cement manufacturing, which constitutes 6-8% of total global anthropogenic emissions worldwide, even reaching 12% in China [3,4].…”

Evaluation of Carbon Emission Factors in the Cement Industry: An Emerging Economy Context

“…Many countries purchase electricity from other countries to produce cement, resulting in indirect CO 2 emissions. [27,33,38] 9.…”

Prospects for Geological Storage of CO2 in Carbonate Formations of the Adriatic Offshore

“…Cement manufacturing is a technological process in which CO 2 is emitted from different parts of the process, which is why different approaches have been developed to reduce CO 2 emissions (e.g., [8][9][10]). In general, the different CO 2 emission sources can be divided into 50% of CO 2 emitted by the calcination of limestone (CaCO 3 ) into CaO and CO 2 (e.g., [11]); 40% from burning fossil fuels to produce thermal energy (e.g., [12]); and 10% CO 2 is emitted from transportation and electricity usage (e.g., [13,14]).…”