Accumulation and risk assessment of heavy metal contents in school playgrounds in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Rivers State, Nigeria

Okereke, Chioma; Amadi, Peter Uchenna

doi:10.1016/j.jchas.2017.01.002

Cited by 19 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Among the heavy metals analyzed, only Fe exceeded the FAO/WHO permissible limits for soil samples. Some researchers have reported values above the FAO/WHO limits [13] and lower (controls) than the values reported in this study. It is well known that natural soils contain significant concentrations of iron [14,15].…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 78%

A Study of the Toxicants and Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Samples from Ebubu and Elele-Alimini Communities in Rivers State

Ogunka-Nnoka

Assor

Onuoha

et al. 2018

Ovidius University Annals of Chemistry

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Abstract. This study was carried out to assess the levels of heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and antioxidants present in pumpkin leaf (Telfairia occidentalis), catfish (Clarias anguillarus), and African land snail (Archachatina marginata), obtained from Ebubu and Elele-Alimini communities in Rivers State, Nigeria. The heavy metals and PAHs were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) and gas chromatography respectively, while the antioxidants were assayed by conventional methods. Soil samples at Ebubu contained significantly higher Pb, Cr, Cd, and Ni contents than that of Elele-Alimini. The pumpkin leaf from Elele-Alimini contained higher Pb, Zn, Cd, and Fe levels. Cr was undetected in the snails from both locations, while Cd and Ni contents of the snails and catfish at both communities were comparable. For the PAHs, the soil samples from Ebubu contained mostly anthracene (93.37 ppm), benzo[k]fluoranthene (74.36 ppm), fluoranthene (72.64 ppm), and acenaphthylene (47.38 ppm), while those from Elele-Alimini contained more of dibenz[a,h]anthracene (38.65 ppm) and naphthalene (20.55 ppm). Pumpkin leaves from Ebubu were mostly composed of naphthalene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, and dibenz [a,h]anthracene, which were undetected in pumpkin leaf samples from Elele-Alimini. In the snail and catfish from Ebubu, acenaphthylene and fluoranthene respectively were the most occurring PAHs, whereas pyrene and phenanthrene respectively had the highest occurrences in snails and catfish from Elele-Alimini. Results for the antioxidant enzymes: catalase and superoxide dismutase in both snails and catfish from Elele-Alimini were significantly higher than those from Ebubu whereas samples from Ebubu contained significantly higher glutathione and malondialdehyde levels. The level of toxicants shown in the foods analyzed in this study is suggestive of potentials to pose significant health risks to the populace when consumed.

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 78%

A Study of the Toxicants and Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Samples from Ebubu and Elele-Alimini Communities in Rivers State

Ogunka-Nnoka

Assor

Onuoha

et al. 2018

Ovidius University Annals of Chemistry

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“…In this chapter, there were no specific pollution sources of toxic metals [30]; hence, the toxic metal contamination of the soils from the classrooms and playgrounds was most likely from continuous urbanization and development, which can influence human health in the contaminated area. It is important to emphasize that Lagos State with her increasing population is known to have very intensive and heavy traffic [30]. The high Pb concentration of the soil could be ascribed to vehicular discharges and metal plating and greasing up oils.…”

Section: Concentrations Of Heavy Metals In Soil From Classrooms and Pmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Descriptive statistics of the four groups of schools are shown in Exposure frequency (EF) days/year 360 [38] Exposure duration (ED) years 6 [40] Ingestion rate (IR) mg/day 200 [41,42] Inhalation rate (IRair) m 3 /day 7.6 [43] Skin surface area (SA) cm 2 2800 [40] Soil adherence factor (SAF) mg/cm 2 0.2 [40] Dermal Absorption factor (ABS) none 0.001 [38-40, 43, 44] Particulate emission factor (PEF) m 3 /kg 1.36 × 10 9 [38,39] Average time (AT) days [39] For carcinogens 365 × 70 [39] For non-carcinogens 365 × ED [39] Pb > Cr > Cd > Mn. The high concentrations of Pb and Cr in the samples could be attributed to the paint chippings peeling off to settle on the classrooms floors as dust [30]. A study from Wright et al [47] show that chipping house paint is a critical determinant of high blood lead levels more than 10 μg/L found in 70% of children aged 6-35 months.…”

Section: Concentrations Of Heavy Metals In Soil From Classrooms and Pmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals on Primary School Learners from Dust and Soil within School Premises in Lagos State, Nigeria

Durowoju¹,

Edokpayi²,

Popoola³

et al. 2018

Heavy Metals

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This chapter is aimed at evaluating learner's health risk based on the concentration of toxic metals (Pb, Cr, Cd and Mn) in soil/dust from playgrounds/classrooms in selected primary schools in Lagos State. Samples were divided into four groups based on the density of the locations. Concentration of toxic metals in samples were determined by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (GFA-EX7) technique after microwave digestion. The result showed that some of the heavy metals in the soil were higher than permissible limits set by DPR, FEPA and WHO. The soil/dust were contaminated with Cr, Cd and Pb but Mn was within permissible limit. Due to exposure to playground soil and classroom dust, hazardous index (HI) for non-carcinogenic/ carcinogenic risk in children was estimated. HI value indicated that the heavy metal pollution may pose no obvious non-cancer health risk to children learning in such schools. However, children via ingestion pathway are exposed to the greatest carcinogenic risk followed by the inhalation pathway. The cancer risk for learners was found to be 3.2 × 10 −2 (1 in 31 individuals). Hence, there is need for local environmental authorities to be warned about the potential health risks caused by heavy metals in playground/classroom.

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“…The pH analysis was carried out following the methods of Okereke and Amadi. 13 Briefly, a suspension of soil and water (1:2) was obtained and analyzed for the pH using a calibrated pH meter.…”

Section: Determination Of Soil Phmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral Ingestion Risks of Heavy Metal Accumulation at Top Soils of Automobile Workshops in Owerri Capital City of Imo State, Nigeria

Agomuo

Amadi

2018

Acta Chemica Iasi

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This investigation was carried out to assess the heavy metal concentrations and health risks associated with automobile workshops in Owerri Metropolis. Using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, soil samples from Orji Mechanic Village (OMV), Naze Mechanic Village (NMV), New Market Automobile Workshops (NMAV), Matrix Mechanic Yard (MMY) and Alvan Mechanic Yard (AMY) were assayed for Silver (Ag), Cobalt (Co), Nickel (Ni), Mercury (Hg), Lead (Pb), Arsenic (As), Chromium (Cr) and Cadmium (Cd) concentrations. The result showed that at majority of the sites, the Ag, Pb, As, and Cd levels exceeded their baseline values, whereas the Ni and Co levels were equivalent to those of their baselines, at some sites. Soil samples at MMY were the most acidic while that of NMAV was the most alkaline. The pollution models indicated very high Ag contamination at OMV, NMV, and NMAV while all the sites showed very high contamination of Pb and Cd, and no Co, Ni, Hg, and Cr pollution was recorded for all the sites as shown by their Igeo values. The result for the enrichment factor showed anthropogenic sources of deposition of these heavy metals at all the sites. From the risk assessment models applied, none of the contaminated sites showed an estimated daily intake, hazard quotient, and total hazard index beyond the reference values, with Pb found to possess the greatest potentials of toxicity. This study has shown the necessity to periodically monitor and apply measures that can halt the environmental decay, occurring at the automobile workshops.

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Accumulation and risk assessment of heavy metal contents in school playgrounds in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Rivers State, Nigeria

Cited by 19 publications

References 32 publications

A Study of the Toxicants and Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Samples from Ebubu and Elele-Alimini Communities in Rivers State

A Study of the Toxicants and Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Samples from Ebubu and Elele-Alimini Communities in Rivers State

Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals on Primary School Learners from Dust and Soil within School Premises in Lagos State, Nigeria

Oral Ingestion Risks of Heavy Metal Accumulation at Top Soils of Automobile Workshops in Owerri Capital City of Imo State, Nigeria

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