Accumulation of Adrenaline in Sympathetic Nerve Endings in Various Organs of the Rat Exposed to Swimming Stress

Sudo, Ayako

doi:10.1254/jjp.38.367

Cited by 25 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Similarly, in hippocampus of rats, the chronic mild stress signifi cantly reduces the 5-HT levels [23] whereas chronic restraint stress elicits a significant increase [20] . In addition, it is welldocumented that stress increases circulating adrenalin levels [10] . Here, neither acute nor sub-chronic FST stress significantly altered adrenalin levels compared with unstressed rats.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Forced swimming stress does not affect monoamine levels and neurodegeneration in rats

et al. 2011

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Objective The current study was aimed to investigate the correlations between immobility time in the forced swimming test (FST, a behavioral indicator of stress level) and hippocampal monoamine levels (markers of depression), plasma adrenalin level (a peripheral marker of stress) as well as fl uoro-jade C staining (a marker of neurodegeneration).Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to acute, sub-chronic (7 d) or chronic (14 d) FSTs and immobility time was recorded. Levels of noradrenalin, serotonin and dopamine in the hippocampus, and adrenalin level in the plasma were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Brain sections from rats after chronic forced swimming or rotenone treatment (3 mg/kg subcutaneously for 4 d) were stained with fl uoro-jade C. ResultsThe rats subjected to swimming stress (acute, sub-chronic and chronic) showed long immobility times [(214 ± 5), (220 ± 4) and (231 ± 7) s, respectively], indicating that the animals were under stress. However, the rats did not exhibit significant declines in hippocampal monoamine levels, and the plasma adrenalin level was not significantly increased compared to that in unstressed rats. The rats that underwent chronic swimming stress did not manifest fl uoro-jade C staining in brain sections, while degenerating neurons were evident after rotenone treatment. Conclusion The immobility time in the FST does not correlate with markers of depression (monoamine levels) and internal stress (adrenalin levels and neurodegeneration), hence this parameter may not be a true indicator of stress level.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…those based on monoamines, neurogenic mechanisms, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis [8,9] . Stress increases the level of circulating adrenalin, a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla that helps to cope with stress [10] .…”

Section: (The Global Burden Of Disease Who 2004) According Tomentioning

confidence: 99%

Forced swimming stress does not affect monoamine levels and neurodegeneration in rats

et al. 2011

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“…A previous study by my laboratory (2) confirmed the adrenaline increase in the heart, spleen and submaxillary gland after swimming, and this was not observed when the animal was pretreated with desmethyl imipramine, a neuronal uptake inhibitor. The study also showed that the administration of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) depleted both noradrenaline and adrenaline from the organs of the rat with or without swimming treatment, suggesting the presence of adrenaline in sympathetic nerve endings in the animal both in a basal condition and under stressful situations.…”

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confidence: 66%

“…Two days after the drug administration was completed, the rats were subjected to swim ming stress, when the body weight was 363±4 g for the saline-treated and 310±5 g for the guanethidine-treated rats. Swimming stress: The rats were treated with swimming stress for 2 hr in the early half of the light period, according to the method described previously (2). Immediately after the cessation of swimming, plasma and various organs of the animals were obtained as described below.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of adrenalectomy and chronic guanethidine treatment on tissue adrenaline concentrations in swimming-exposed rats.

Sudo

1987

Jpn.J.Pharmacol

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Abstract-Adrenalineis known to increase in extra-adrenal peripheral organs as well as urine and plasma in the rat after swimming stress. In order to clarify the physio logical significance of adrenaline in stress responses, the origin and location of adrenaline in the peripheral organs were examined by measuring adrenaline in the heart, spleen, submaxillary gland and some other organs after adrenalectomy or guanethidine treatment. After bilateral adrenalectomy, adrenaline in the peripheral organs mostly disappeared. Swimming stress caused no increase in the adrenaline content of the organs in the adrenalectomized rats, while a marked increase was observed in the sham-operated animals. In guanethidine-treated rats, the adrenaline content of the peripheral organs was extremely low as compared to that in the saline-treated animals, and the swimming-induced increase in adrenaline level in the organs was greatly suppressed. These observations suggest that the organ adrenaline, which exists in sympathetic nerve endings, is mostly derived from the adrenal gland. It is considered that adrenaline would be involved in sympathetic neurotransmission, especially under stressful conditions.

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Stimulation of the phagocytic function in guinea pig peritoneal macrophages by physical activity stress

Ortega

Collazos

Barriga

et al. 1992

Europ. J. Appl. Physiol.

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A study was made of all the different stages of the phagocytic function in peritoneal macrophages from male guinea pigs [3 (SD 1) months old] before, immediately after, and 24 h after being subjected to stress from physical activity (swimming until exhaustion). The early (10 min) and late (40 min) adherence to tissue substrates, chemotaxis, attachment and phagocytosis of Candida albicans, ingestion of inert particles (latex beads), and basal oxidative metabolism [measured by nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction] were significantly stimulated by the physical activity. After 24 h, late adherence, attachment capacities, and basal oxidative metabolism returned to basal values, whereas early adherence, chemotaxis, phagocytosis of cells and inert particles, and microbicidal capacity (production of superoxide anion measured by NBT reduction in presence of ingested material) remained significantly increased. The stress produced by physical activity, reflected in increased serum corticosterone values, led to a global stimulation of the phagocytic function.

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Accumulation of Adrenaline in Sympathetic Nerve Endings in Various Organs of the Rat Exposed to Swimming Stress

Cited by 25 publications

References 12 publications

Forced swimming stress does not affect monoamine levels and neurodegeneration in rats

Forced swimming stress does not affect monoamine levels and neurodegeneration in rats

Effects of adrenalectomy and chronic guanethidine treatment on tissue adrenaline concentrations in swimming-exposed rats.

Stimulation of the phagocytic function in guinea pig peritoneal macrophages by physical activity stress

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