Accumulation of lipid peroxide in the content of comedones may be involved in the progression of comedogenesis and inflammatory changes in comedones

Tochio, Takumi; Tanaka, Hiroshi; Nakata, Satoshi; Ikeno, Hiroshi

doi:10.1111/j.1473-2165.2009.00437.x

Cited by 36 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Conversely, excessive sebum production may contribute to cytotoxicity. Sebocyte lipids and lipid-derived products can undergo peroxidation reactions which generate cytotoxic mediators (Tochio et al, 2009; Zouboulis, 2004). These lipid peroxides can also stimulate keratinocytes to produce pro-inflammatory mediators including prostaglandins, IL-1α and IL-6, as well as antioxidants such as heme oxygenase-1, catalase and glutathione S-transferase (Ottaviani et al, 2006; Zhou et al, 2013; Zouboulis et al, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mustard vesicants alter expression of the endocannabinoid system in mouse skin

Wohlman

Composto

Heck

et al. 2016

Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology

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Vesicants including sulfur mustard (SM) and nitrogen mustard (NM) are bifunctional alkylating agents that cause skin inflammation, edema and blistering. This is associated with alterations in keratinocyte growth and differentiation. Endogenous cannabinoids, including N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide, AEA) and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), are important in regulating inflammation, keratinocyte proliferation and wound healing. Their activity is mediated by binding to cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2), as well as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα). Levels of endocannabinoids are regulated by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). We found that CB1, CB2, PPARα and FAAH were all constitutively expressed in mouse epidermis and dermal appendages. Topical administration of NM or SM, at concentrations that induce tissue injury, resulted in upregulation of FAAH, CB1, CB2 and PPARα, a response that persisted throughout the wound healing process. Inhibitors of FAAH including a novel class of vanillyl alcohol carbamates were found to be highly effective in suppressing vesicant-induced inflammation in mouse skin. Taken together, these data indicate that the endocannabinoid system is important in regulating skin homeostasis and that inhibitors of FAAH may be useful as medical countermeasures against vesicants.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mustard vesicants alter expression of the endocannabinoid system in mouse skin

Wohlman

Composto

Heck

et al. 2016

Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology

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“…Such findings logically fit with at least two factors: (i) squalene oxidization leads to the production of comedogenic molecules and (ii) the solid state of comedones, where some lipids where shown crystallized [21], an observation at the origin of a rather strange 'sebolith' theory (from the Greek lithos, stone). In addition, these intracomedonal squalene oxides do not have anti-bacterial properties [20], that is do not prevent the development of a resident flora that, ultimately, may rupture the comedonal 'bag' and further propagate an inflammatory reaction from dermal and vascular components, worsening the clinical aspects of acne [22].…”

Section: Squalene (Per)oxides and Acnementioning

confidence: 99%

Oxidization of squalene, a human skin lipid: a new and reliable marker of environmental pollution studies

Pham

Boussouira

Moyal

et al. 2015

Intern J of Cosmetic Sci

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Synopsis A review of the oxidization of squalene, a specific human compound produced by the sebaceous gland, is proposed. Such chemical transformation induces important consequences at various levels. Squalene by‐products, mostly under peroxidized forms, lead to comedogenesis, contribute to the development of inflammatory acne and possibly modify the skin relief (wrinkling). Experimental conditions of oxidation and/or photo‐oxidation mechanisms are exposed, suggesting that they could possibly be bio‐markers of atmospheric pollution upon skin. Ozone, long UVA rays, cigarette smoke… are shown powerful oxidizing agents of squalene. Some in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo testings are proposed as examples, aiming at studying ingredients or products capable of boosting or counteracting such chemical changes that, globally, bring adverse effects to various cutaneous compartments.

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“…is suggests that excessive oxidation of SQ can lead to the production of comedogenic molecules and have no antibacterial properties that prevent the development of the existing flora. Ultimately, they break the comedonal pockets and propagate inflammatory reactions of the dermis that aggravate the effects of acne [4,45].…”

Section: Emollient Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant Sources, Extraction Methods, and Uses of Squalene

Lozano-Grande

Gorinstein

Espitia-Rangel

et al. 2018

International Journal of Agronomy

183

122

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Squalene (SQ) is a natural compound, a precursor of various hormones in animals and sterols in plants. It is considered a molecule with pharmacological, cosmetic, and nutritional potential. Scientific research has shown that SQ reduces skin damage by UV radiation, LDL levels, and cholesterol in the blood, prevents the suffering of cardiovascular diseases, and has antitumor and anticancer effects against ovarian, breast, lung, and colon cancer. e inclusion of SQ in the human diet is recommended without causing health risks; however, its intake is low due to the lack of natural sources of SQ and efficient extraction methods which limit its commercialization. Biotechnological advances have developed synthetic techniques to produce SQ; nevertheless, yields achieved are not sufficient for global demand for industrial or food supplement purposes. e effect on the human body is one of the scientific issues still to be addressed; few research studies have been developed with SQ from seed or vegetable sources to use it in the food sector even though squalene was discovered more than half a century ago. e aim of this review is to provide an overview of SQ to establish research focus with special reference to plant sources, extraction methods, and uses.

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Accumulation of lipid peroxide in the content of comedones may be involved in the progression of comedogenesis and inflammatory changes in comedones

Abstract: We conclude that the accumulation of a certain amount of LPO in the content of comedones may play an important role in the progression of comedogenesis and the excessive accumulation of LPO may be involved in inflammatory changes in comedones.

Cited by 36 publications

References 16 publications

Mustard vesicants alter expression of the endocannabinoid system in mouse skin

Mustard vesicants alter expression of the endocannabinoid system in mouse skin

Oxidization of squalene, a human skin lipid: a new and reliable marker of environmental pollution studies

Plant Sources, Extraction Methods, and Uses of Squalene

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