Accumulation of microcystin congeners in different aquatic plants and crops – A case study from lake Amatitlán, Guatemala

Exposure of Lycopersicon Esculentum to Microcystin-LR: Effects in the Leaf Proteome and Toxin Translocation from Water to Leaves and Fruits

“…In this regard, the toxin has been identified in water chestnuts (average values of 7 μg/kg dw) [13] and rice grains, 1.01–1.89 μg/kg and 2.05–3.19 μg/kg MC-LR in 15.9% and 9.1%, respectively, of total samples analyzed [37]. More recently Romero-Oliva et al [14] reported 1.16 and 1.03 μg/kg dw total MCs in fruits of L. esculentum and Capsicum annuum field cultivated with contaminated lake water.…”

“…For this reason, it has been hypothesized that MCs can be accumulated in edible plant tissues, and thus being a potential risk to food safety and to human health via diet. In this regard, MCs were found in field grown water chestnuts at concentrations up to 7 μg/kg dry weight (dw) [13], in tomato fruits collected from the field (1.16 μg/kg dw) [14] and in several other vegetable crops irrigated using contaminated groundwater (70–1200 μg/kg fresh weight of MCs) [15]. Laboratory studies have shown that clover, rape, and lettuce plants accumulated 0.2–1.45 mg/kg dw MCs when exposed to 2.1 mg/L MCs for 15 days [16].…”

Effects of iron on growth, antioxidant enzyme activity, bound extracellular polymeric substances and microcystin production of Microcystis aeruginosa FACHB-905

“…The World Health Organization proposed a provisional guideline value for drinking water of 1 μg L À 1 for MC-LR (WHO, 1998). Current researches of MCs focus mainly on their behavior and fate in the environment as well as their accumulation, distribution, metabolisms and toxicity in various organisms Romero-Oliva et al, 2014), while the links between the MC synthesis and the environmental stress response need further studies. Li et al (2009) conducted a series of experiments to prove the positive effect of iron as the algal growth and the production of intracellular MC of Microcystis novacekii UAM 250 were maximal at the highest iron concentration (5 μM).…”

Cyanobacterial Toxins Emerging Contaminants in Soils: A Review of Sources, Fate and Impacts on Ecosystems, Plants and Animal and Human Health

“…However, cyanobacterial neurotoxins are less reported in the literature and studies regarding their effects on organisms of soils and plants are relatively scarce. The concentrations of microcystins in the surface water are generally comprised between 1 and 100 µg L −1 [10] and the use of this microcystincontaminated water for agricultural purposes has already been reported in several countries such as Morocco [53], Finland [54], Spain [55], New Zealand [56], Algeria [57], Australia [58], Tunisia [59], Turkey [60], Saudi Arabia [61], India [62], China [63] and Guatemala [64]. In addition to the contamination of soils by dissolved cyanotoxins and with the strong occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms worldwide, a strong quantity of cyanobacterial biomass (from thousand to million tons) is removed from water and discharged directly into croplands and forest land without another treatment [65].…”

“…For example, Järvenpää et al [138] reported that microcystins were detected on roots (a non-edible plant tissue for human but can be for animal) but not detected in leaves of mustard and broccoli. Furthermore, numerous studies concerning accumulation of cyanotoxins in agronomic plants growing in the soil were reported in radish roots, leaves of arugula and dill [61], in rice grains [65], in leaves of lettuce and cabbage [61,139], in leaves and stems of water spinach [139] and in fruits and seeds of tomato and pepper [64]. However, a recent study based on the use of 14 C-labelled MC-LR showed that tomato fruits did not accumulate the toxin [92].…”