Accumulation of Secondary Carotenoids in Chlorella zofingiensis

Rise, Moshe; Cohen, Ephraim; Vishkautsan, Marina; Cojocaru, Miriam; Gottlieb, Hugo E.; Arad, Shoshana

doi:10.1016/s0176-1617(11)81189-2

Cited by 79 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…High light causes an accumulation of secondary carotenoids (in particular, astaxanthin) in C. zofingiensis (46)(47)(48). In the present study, both BKT1 and BKT2 have the highest increase in gene expression, which occurs immediately after the light shift at 0.5 h (Fig.…”

Section: Astaxanthin Biosynthesis Pathway and Astaxanthin-deficient Msupporting

confidence: 55%

Chromosome-level genome assembly and transcriptome of the green algaChromochloris zofingiensisilluminates astaxanthin production

Roth

Cokus

Gallaher

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

157

222

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Microalgae have potential to help meet energy and food demands without exacerbating environmental problems. There is interest in the unicellular green alga Chromochloris zofingiensis, because it produces lipids for biofuels and a highly valuable carotenoid nutraceutical, astaxanthin. To advance understanding of its biology and facilitate commercial development, we present a C. zofingiensis chromosome-level nuclear genome, organelle genomes, and transcriptome from diverse growth conditions. The assembly, derived from a combination of short-and long-read sequencing in conjunction with optical mapping, revealed a compact genome of ∼58 Mbp distributed over 19 chromosomes containing 15,274 predicted protein-coding genes. The genome has uniform gene density over chromosomes, low repetitive sequence content (∼6%), and a high fraction of protein-coding sequence (∼39%) with relatively long coding exons and few coding introns. Functional annotation of gene models identified orthologous families for the majority (∼73%) of genes. Synteny analysis uncovered localized but scrambled blocks of genes in putative orthologous relationships with other green algae. Two genes encoding beta-ketolase (BKT), the key enzyme synthesizing astaxanthin, were found in the genome, and both were up-regulated by high light. Isolation and molecular analysis of astaxanthin-deficient mutants showed that BKT1 is required for the production of astaxanthin. Moreover, the transcriptome under high light exposure revealed candidate genes that could be involved in critical yet missing steps of astaxanthin biosynthesis, including ABC transporters, cytochrome P450 enzymes, and an acyltransferase. The high-quality genome and transcriptome provide insight into the green algal lineage and carotenoid production.Chlorophyceae | carotenoid biosynthesis | de novo genome | genome mapping | RNA-Seq

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Section: Astaxanthin Biosynthesis Pathway and Astaxanthin-deficient Msupporting

confidence: 55%

Chromosome-level genome assembly and transcriptome of the green algaChromochloris zofingiensisilluminates astaxanthin production

Roth

Cokus

Gallaher

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

157

222

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“…The esters of astaxanthin and adonixanthin, and free canthaxanthin were the major carotenoids in the alga Chlorococcum cells [3]. In C. zofingiensis, the major carotenoids were astaxanthin (about 70%) and canthaxanthin (about 30%) [12]. On the contrsry, astaxanthin alone was the major carotenoid in H. pluvialis [6].…”

Section: Astaxanthin Profiles In Microalgaementioning

confidence: 94%

Potential health‐promoting effects of astaxanthin: A high‐value carotenoid mostly from microalgae

Yuan

Peng

Yin

et al. 2010

Molecular Nutrition Food Res

558

309

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The ketocarotenoid astaxanthin can be found in the microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis, Chlorella zofingiensis, and Chlorococcum sp., and the red yeast Phaffia rhodozyma. The microalga H. pluvialis has the highest capacity to accumulate astaxanthin up to 4-5% of cell dry weight. Astaxanthin has been attributed with extraordinary potential for protecting the organism against a wide range of diseases, and has considerable potential and promising applications in human health. Numerous studies have shown that astaxanthin has potential health-promoting effects in the prevention and treatment of various diseases, such as cancers, chronic inflammatory diseases, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, diabetic nephropathy, cardiovascular diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, liver diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, eye diseases, skin diseases, exercise-induced fatigue, male infertility, and HgCl₂-induced acute renal failure. In this article, the currently available scientific literature regarding the most significant activities of astaxanthin is reviewed.

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“…Compared with other astaxanthin-producing microorganisms, some green algae, such as Haematococcus pluvialis and Chlorella zofingiensis, have the potential to accumulate high amounts of astaxanthin because they possess sequestering systems to storing up astaxanthin in lipid bodies [7,11]. H. pluvialis has been commercially used for producing natural astaxanthin, whereas C. zofingiensis has only recently attracted much attention due to its ease of growing under various conditions with high growth rate, and minimal negative environmental influence [8,9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sugar-based growth, astaxanthin accumulation and carotenogenic transcription of heterotrophic Chlorella zofingiensis (Chlorophyta)

Sun

Wang

et al. 2008

Process Biochemistry

165

108

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Accumulation of Secondary Carotenoids in Chlorella zofingiensis

Cited by 79 publications

References 14 publications

Chromosome-level genome assembly and transcriptome of the green algaChromochloris zofingiensisilluminates astaxanthin production

Chromosome-level genome assembly and transcriptome of the green algaChromochloris zofingiensisilluminates astaxanthin production

Potential health‐promoting effects of astaxanthin: A high‐value carotenoid mostly from microalgae

Sugar-based growth, astaxanthin accumulation and carotenogenic transcription of heterotrophic Chlorella zofingiensis (Chlorophyta)

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