Accuracy in the judgment of in-group and out-group variability.

Abstract

The accuracy of in-group and out-group variability judgments was examined by comparing those judgments with the variability of self-ratings provided by random samples of group members. Following Park and Judd (1990), perceptions of both group dispersion and group stereotypicality were examined. Accuracy was examined both by within-subject sensitivity correlations and by simple discrepancies between perceived and actual variability estimates. In-group-out-group differences in sensitivity were shown, particularly for judgments of stereotypicality. These differences were related to differences in the degree to which out-group variability is underestimated relative to in-group variability (i.e., the out-group homogeneity effect). Out-group stereotypicality judgments were overestimated, supporting the view that out-group stereotypes are overgeneralizations. Whether dispersion judgments were over- or underestimated depended on their measurement.

Accuracy and awareness in the perception and categorization of male sexual orientation.

“…The accuracy of responses was measured using sensitivity correlations (see Judd, Ryan, & Park, 1991).…”

The Role of (Dis)similarity in (Mis)predicting Others’ Preferences

“…Researchers have documented a related tendency among groups, such that people infer out-group members are more alike than members of in-groups (e.g., Judd, Ryan and Park 1991;Linville, Fischer, and Salovey 1989;Park and Hastie 1987;Park and Judd 1990;Quattrone and Jones 1980). As a result of this phenomenon, the "out-group homogeneity effect," people perceive members of an out-group to lack interpersonal diversity and be "tightly bunched around the group central tendency" (Judd et al 1991, p. 367).…”

“…Although research has documented the persistent belief that out-group members are overly similar, it does not purport that this belief is always mistaken or erroneous (Judd et al 1991). In the same vein, our investigation looks at the persistent belief that others' preferences are similar and narrow; we do not suggest that the belief is always incorrect.…”

“…To test this account, Study 5 measured individuals' beliefs that others have homogeneous preferences using a distribution task akin to those used in out-group homogeneity research (Boldry, Gaertner and Quinn 2007;Judd et al 1991;Linville et al 1998;Park and Hastie 1987;Park and Judd 1990). As an example, Park and Hastie (1987) asked participants, "How many of these 100 [out-group] members would fall into each of eight boxes, which represent a continuum of the trait dimension intelligence," where the boxes on the far left and right were labeled "stupid" and "intelligent," respectively; smaller ranges and tighter distributions reveal perceptions of homogeneity.…”

The World According to Men: It Is Hierarchical and Stereotypical

“…A person high on IHE views others in a polarized way with regard to status or dominance. Stereotyping means processing information about a member of a certain group according to the characteristics supposedly possessed by persons who belong to that group (e.g., Allport, 1954;Judd, Ryan, & Park, 1991). Knowledge and beliefs about specific social groups are then generalized to members of those groups.…”