2012
DOI: 10.2340/16501977-0970
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Accuracy of botulinum toxin type A injection into the gastrocnemius muscle of adults with spastic equinus: Manual needle placement and electrical stimulation guidance compared using ultrasonography

Abstract: Electrical stimulation guidance may be useful for injections into the gastrocnemius lateralis of adults with spastic equinus. However, neither manual needle placement nor electrical stimulation guidance showed complete accuracy, when measured using ultrasonography.

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Cited by 54 publications
(39 citation statements)
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“…In line with growing evidence of the usefulness of electrical stimulation/electromyography and ultrasonography guidance, the panelists agreed that localization techniques are essential for onabotulinumtoxinA treatment of all postures due to post-stroke spasticity (Picelli et al, 2012a;Picelli et al, 2012b;Picelli et al, 2014a;Picelli et al, 2014b;Grigoriu et al, 2015;Esquenazi et al, 2017;Simpson et al, 2017).…”
Section: Organizational Care Modelmentioning
confidence: 88%
“…In line with growing evidence of the usefulness of electrical stimulation/electromyography and ultrasonography guidance, the panelists agreed that localization techniques are essential for onabotulinumtoxinA treatment of all postures due to post-stroke spasticity (Picelli et al, 2012a;Picelli et al, 2012b;Picelli et al, 2014a;Picelli et al, 2014b;Grigoriu et al, 2015;Esquenazi et al, 2017;Simpson et al, 2017).…”
Section: Organizational Care Modelmentioning
confidence: 88%
“…In an earlier study by Picelli et al the accuracy of MNPguided and EMS-guided BTX injection was monitored via US to determine if the needle was inserted into the correct muscle (5). They reported the accuracy of each method as follows: proximal part of m. gastrocnemius medialis: 88.09% in the MNP group versus 92.30% in the EMS group; distal part of m. gastrocnemius medialis: 92.86% in the MNP group, versus 94.87% in the EMS group; proximal part of m. gastrocnemius lateralis: 64.28% in the MNP group, versus 87.17% in the EMS group; distal part of m. gastrocnemius lateralis: 73.80% in the MNP group, versus 92.30% in the EMS group.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Intramuscular BTX injection can be performed using several types of guidance, including manual needle placement (MNP), electromyography (EMG), electrical muscle stimulation (EMS), and ultrasonography (US). EMS-or US-guided injection is recommended, especially for deep-seated and small muscles (4)(5)(6). The present study aimed to determine if US and EMS-guided BTX injection into the upper extremity muscles increases the efficacy of the treatment of focal spasticity in patients with chronic stroke.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 96%
“…Ancak bu doğrulama yöntemi şu nedenlerden dolayı yanıltıcı olabilir: (a) Enjektörün ucu kas fasyasında iken de kasa pasif hareket yaptırıldığında enjektör hareket edebilir, (b) Enjektör ucu ekleme aynı hareketi yaptıran komşu kaslara girmiş olabilir, (c) Enjektör spastik kas içeri-sinde oluşan bağ veya yağ dokusuna girmiş olabilir. Bu yüzden EMG-ES veya USG eşliğinde yapılan enjeksiyonlar zaman alıcı olmalarına rağmen, daha etkin ve daha güvenilir olacaktır (7,8) . EMG-ES tekniğinde taşınabilir EMG stimülatörü, yüzey elektrodları ve enjektör kombinasyonundan oluşan cihaz kullanılır.…”
Section: Discussionunclassified
“…Pincelli ve ark. (7) inmeli hastalarda enjektörün doğru yerleşimini USG ile değerlendirmiş ve doğruluk oranını ME için %64,28, ES için ise %87,17 olduğunu bildirmişlerdir. Bu sonuçlara rağmen, USG ve ES uygulaması daha çok zaman ve tecrübe gerektirdiğinden, özellikle alt ekstremite uygulamalarında ME tekniği sık tercih edilmektedir.…”
Section: Discussionunclassified