Accuracy of Digital Tympanic, Oral, Axillary, and Rectal Thermometers Compared with Standard Rectal Mercury Thermometers

Jensen, Bruno Nyholm

doi:10.1080/110241500447218

Cited by 68 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Thus, measuring core temperature through the tympanic membrane vs. the rectum and esophagus may produce different results. Studies suggest that T TY may underestimate core temperature by 0.3-0.6 °C relative to esophageal or rectal tem perature (Jensen et al, 2000;Roth et al, 1996;Shiraki et al, 1986;Yeo and Scarbough, 1996). However, Newsham et al (2002) have also shown a strong correlation between T TY and rectal temperature.…”

Section: Methodological Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Heat Removal Through the Hand on Metabolism and Performance During Cycling Exercise in the Heat

Hsu¹,

Hagobian²,

Jacobs³

et al. 2005

Can. J. Appl. Physiol.

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Section: Methodological Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Heat Removal Through the Hand on Metabolism and Performance During Cycling Exercise in the Heat

Hsu¹,

Hagobian²,

Jacobs³

et al. 2005

Can. J. Appl. Physiol.

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“…Before adopting new noninvasive methods of measurement, being quite certain that the new method will give results that agree with older methods and that can be subjected to recognize statistical procedures is important 11 . For this purpose, we performed four different approaches to compare three methods with each other.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Oral and rectal temperatures are the most reliable predictors of core temperature 8,9 . Rectal measurement is assumed to be the clinical standard 10,11 . But measuring fever with oral or rectal route would sometimes be difficult because they are stressful for infants, are time-dependent and require acertain level of practice.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical accuracy of non-contact infrared thermometer from umbilical region in children: A new side

et al. 2016

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Measurement from axillary site with digital thermometer has been accepted as the most accurate method. But this method is time consuming. Tympanic and forehead measurements are often used but don't always seem to be more appropriate. Another site, umbilical region, could be an alternative site. This study aims to compare the measurements with axillary digital thermometer and non-contact infrared thermometers at sites from umbilicus and forehead to determine whether umbilical site could be used accurately in children. For each method, 2,048 measurements in total were performed. Using axillary method as gold standard, with a cut-off temperature of 38 o C, the sensitivities and specificities, positive and negative predictive values of umbilical and forehead temperatures and area under the ROC curve were determined in non obese children. There was a significant positive correlation between axillary and umbilical temperatures with a correlation coefficient of 0.78. The average difference between the mean of both axillary and umbilical temperatures was -0.47 ± 0.65°C. The Bland-Altman plot showed good accuracy with only 2.5 % of the readings falling outside the 95% level of confidence. Umbilical measurements showed sensitivity of 71.7% and specificity of 95.8%. The area under the ROC curve was 0.93.The easy application may lead noncontact measurements from umbilicus site to be the preferable method for health care providers, but agreement limits mentioned in this study should be considered.

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“…3 Common alternatives include oral, aural (tympanic), temporal, and axillary temperature. The validity of these sites in estimating core body temperature has been examined in toddlers, [4][5][6] hospital patients, 7,8 and participants exercising outdoors. 1 However, many of these authors did not validate measurement sites when hyperthermia was exercise induced.…”

Section: Journal Of Athletic Trainingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The evidence indicates that RCT is valid and reliable for individuals at rest and while exercising [8][9][10][11][12] and is considered the ''gold standard'' for temperature measurement in hyperthermic athletes. [13][14][15] Despite a reported lag in response time (eg, versus esophageal or pulmonary artery temperature), RCT provides a valid and reliable core temperature measurement in the field for diagnosis and treatment of exertional heat stroke.…”

Section: Journal Of Athletic Trainingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validity and Reliability of Devices That Assess Body Temperature During Indoor Exercise in the Heat

Ganio

Brown

Casa

et al. 2009

Journal of Athletic Training

161

151

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Context: When assessing exercise hyperthermia outdoors, the validity of certain commonly used body temperature measuring devices has been questioned. A controlled laboratory environment is generally less influenced by environmental factors (eg, ambient temperature, solar radiation, wind) than an outdoor setting. The validity of these temperature measuring devices in a controlled environment may be more acceptable.Objective: To assess the validity and reliability of commonly used temperature devices compared with rectal temperature in individuals exercising in a controlled, high environmental temperature indoor setting and then resting in a cool environment.Design: Time series study. Setting: Laboratory environmental chamber (temperature 5 36.4 6 1.26C [97.5 6 2.166F], relative humidity 5 52%) and cool laboratory (temperature 5 approximately 23.36C [74.06F], relative humidity 5 40%).Patients or Other Participants: Fifteen males and 10 females.Intervention(s): Rectal, gastrointestinal, forehead, oral, aural, temporal, and axillary temperatures were measured with commonly used temperature devices. Temperature was measured before and 20 minutes after entering the environmental chamber, every 30 minutes during a 90-minute treadmill walk in the heat, and every 20 minutes during a 60-minute rest in mild conditions. Device validity and reliability were assessed with various statistical measures to compare the measurements using each device with rectal temperature. A device was considered invalid if the mean bias (average difference between rectal and device temperatures) was more than 60.276C (60.506F).Main Outcome Measure(s): Measured temperature from each device (mean and across time).Results: Conclusions: Even during laboratory exercise in a controlled environment, devices used to measure forehead, temporal, oral, aural, and axillary body sites did not provide valid estimates of rectal temperature. Only intestinal temperature measurement met the criterion. Therefore, we recommend that rectal or intestinal temperature be used to assess hyperthermia in individuals exercising indoors in the heat.Key Words: core body temperature, hyperthermia, tympanic membrane Key Points N As indicated by mean bias values, invalid estimates of rectal temperature (the ''gold standard'') were provided by forehead sticker, oral temperature, temporal temperature, aural temperature, and axillary temperature.N Intestinal temperature was the only measurement considered valid. N Successive intestinal, forehead sticker, temporal, and aural measurements demonstrated acceptable reliability.

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Accuracy of Digital Tympanic, Oral, Axillary, and Rectal Thermometers Compared with Standard Rectal Mercury Thermometers

Abstract: We conclude that electronic rectal temperature measurements are the most accurate. We do not recommend electronic tympanic, oral, or axillary measurements.

Cited by 68 publications

References 8 publications

Effects of Heat Removal Through the Hand on Metabolism and Performance During Cycling Exercise in the Heat

Effects of Heat Removal Through the Hand on Metabolism and Performance During Cycling Exercise in the Heat

Clinical accuracy of non-contact infrared thermometer from umbilical region in children: A new side

Validity and Reliability of Devices That Assess Body Temperature During Indoor Exercise in the Heat

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