Accurate Capture and Identification of Exosomes: Nanoarchitecture of the MXene Heterostructure/Engineered Lipid Layer

Abstract

Recently, exosome detection has become an important breakthrough in clinical diagnosis. However, the effective capture and accurate identification of cancer exosomes in a complex biomatrix are still a tough task. Especially, the large size and non-conductivity of exosomes are not conducive to highly sensitive electrochemical or electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection. Therefore, we have developed a Ti3C2T x –Bi2S3–x heterostructure/engineered lipid layer-based nanoarchitecture to overcome the limitations. The engineered lipid layer not only specifically captured and efficiently fused CD63 positive exosomes but also showed excellent antifouling property in the biological matrix. Moreover, the MUC1 aptamer-modified Ti3C2T x –Bi2S3–x heterostructure further identified and covered the gastric cancer exosomes that have been trapped in the engineered lipid layer. In the self-luminous Faraday cage-type sensing system, the Ti3C2T x –Bi2S3–x heterostructure with sulfur vacancies extended the outer Helmholtz plane and amplified the ECL signal. Therefore, this sensor can be used to detect tumor exosomes in ascites of cancer patients without additional purification. It provides a new pathway to detect exosomes and other large-sized vesicles with high sensitivity.

From biogenesis to aptasensors: advancements in analysis for tumor-derived extracellular vesicles research

“…This biosensor achieved a detection limit for HeLa cell-derived EVs of 30 particles μ L -1 , significantly surpassing the sensitivity of traditional ELISA methods by over a thousandfold. More recently, Nie et al constructed a self-luminous Faraday cage-type sensing system using a nanoarchitecture that includes a Ti 3 C 2 Tx-Bi 2 S 3 -x heterostructure and an engineered lipid layer 135 . This sensor detects tumor EVs in gastric cancer patient ascites without additional purification.…”