Accurate measurements of the viscosity of water in the temperature range 19.5–25.5°C

Berstad, D.A.; Knapstad, B.; Lamvik, M.; Skjølsvik, P. A.; Tørklep, K.; Øye, H. A.

doi:10.1016/0378-4371(88)90015-5

Cited by 45 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The diffusion coefficients ( D) for glutamate (based on glutamine measurements) and GABA at 25 o C in water are 0.76 μm 2 /ms and 0.83 μm 2 /ms, respectively [65]. However, viscosity of cerebrospinal fluid [28] is ∼10% higher than that of water [66]. Further, water viscosity decreases by ∼26% at 35 o C compared to 25 o C [67].…”

Section: Extracellular Diffusion Inside and Outside The Synaptic Cleftmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shaping the synaptic signal: molecular mobility inside and outside the cleft

Rusakov

Savtchenko

Zheng

et al. 2011

Trends in Neurosciences

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Rapid communication in the brain relies on the release and diffusion of small transmitter molecules across the synaptic cleft. How these diffuse signals are transformed into cellular responses is determined by the scatter of target postsynaptic receptors, which in turn depends on receptor movement in cell membranes. Thus, by shaping information transfer in neural circuits, mechanisms that regulate molecular mobility affect nearly every aspect of brain function and dysfunction. Here we review two facets of molecular mobility that have traditionally been considered separately, namely extracellular and intra-membrane diffusion. By focusing on the interplay between these processes we illustrate the remarkable versatility of signal formation in synapses and highlight areas of emerging understanding in the molecular physiology and biophysics of synaptic transmission.

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Section: Extracellular Diffusion Inside and Outside The Synaptic Cleftmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shaping the synaptic signal: molecular mobility inside and outside the cleft

Rusakov

Savtchenko

Zheng

et al. 2011

Trends in Neurosciences

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“…Nevertheless, there is a small increase of τ(B) from 313 to 273 K: A large change would not be expected because the enthalpy of activation for the macroviscosity of water is small having a value of only 17.23 ( 0.05 kJ mol -1 (34).…”

Section: Macroviscosity Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Density and Microviscosity Studies of Palm Oil/Water Emulsions

Arboleya¹,

Sutcliffe²,

Wilde³

et al. 2005

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and densitometry were used to measure the temperature- and rate-dependent formation of fat crystals in emulsion droplets in hardened palm kernel oil in water emulsions. The solid fat content in emulsions can be critical for the functionality of the emulsions in a wide variety of applications. Therefore, new and accessible methods are needed to monitor solid fat content in order to control the functional properties of these emulsions. EPR measurements showed that the microviscosity within the oil droplets could be measured as a function of temperature and that the storage temperature below the main fat melting point is crucial for an increase in the microviscosity, due to fat solidification. The microviscosity of the oil droplets could be an important parameter for defining functional performance (e.g., rheology and partial coalescence). Density measurements provided a simple and accurate method for monitoring changes in phase state of the oil. The phase behavior agreed well with the EPR results, demonstrating that accurate density measurements could prove to be a valuable tool for monitoring fat crystallization processes.

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“…These latter values are in good agreement with those derived from our carbon-13 measurements and with the enthalpy value of 17.23 š 0.05 kJ mol 1 found from the effect of temperature on the viscosity of water. 31 The rotational correlation time value can be inserted into the Stokes-Einstein-Debye expression (which applies to a spherical, non-polar species undergoing stochastic rotation): We obtained a value for the radius of the complex, r, of 2.7Å which is to be compared with the value of 2.5Å derived from temperature and pressure effects and with an estimated ionic radius of about 4Å. Also, Ader and Loewenstein 16 performed cobalt-59 NMR translationaldiffusion measurements and derived a value of 2.5Å from them.…”

Section: Effect Of Temperature and Radiofrequency On Carbon-13 Spin-lmentioning

confidence: 97%

Variable‐temperature high‐pressure investigation of the cobalt‐59 NMR spectroscopy of aqueous K₃[Co(CN)₆]

Gillies

Sutcliffe

Williams

2001

Magnetic Reson in Chemistry

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Cobalt-59 NMR measurements were made on an aqueous solution of K 3 [Co. CN/ 6 ] with pressure as the main variable. We determined the effect of temperature and pressure (up to 5 kbar) on (i) the cobalt-59 chemical shift, (ii) the carbon-cobalt-59 isotope shift, (iii) the cobalt-59-carbon-13 coupling constant and (iv) the cobalt-59 spin-lattice relaxation time. The marked effects of temperature and pressure on the chemical shift can be attributed to changes in the cobalt-carbon bond distance and are consistent with a radius of 2.5Å for the [Co.CN/ 6 ] 3− ion. Analysis of the slightly non-linear dependence of the chemical shift on pressure has, for the first time, allowed the dependence of .@d/@p/ T and .@d/@T/ p on temperature and pressure to be evaluated. For a given temperature change, the fractional change in .@d/@p/ T is independent of pressure and, for a given pressure change, independent of temperature. The ion is more compressible at high temperatures. The same explanation can be applied to the small effect of temperature on the carbon-13 induced isotope shift and this has confirmed previous theoretical work. The lack of a pressure dependence for the cobalt-59 spin-lattice relaxation time is attributed to a dominant quadrupolar mechanism arising from the motion of one or more water molecules in the solvent sheath surrounding the ion. This motion induces an electric field gradient at the cobalt nucleus. This conclusion is supported by nitrogen-14 and carbon-13 using fK 3 [Co.13 CN/ 6 ]g NMR relaxation studies made at ambient pressure over a range of temperatures and at different radiofrequencies: these showed that, unlike the cobalt-59 nucleus, these nuclei are relaxed by a molecular re-orientational process. The nitrogen-14 and carbon-13 data independently provide values of 18 ps for t c at 298 K and 16 kJ mol −1 for the associated activation enthalpy for the re-orientation of the [Co.CN/ 6 ] 3− ion in water.

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Accurate measurements of the viscosity of water in the temperature range 19.5–25.5°C

Cited by 45 publications

References 19 publications

Shaping the synaptic signal: molecular mobility inside and outside the cleft

Shaping the synaptic signal: molecular mobility inside and outside the cleft

Density and Microviscosity Studies of Palm Oil/Water Emulsions

Variable‐temperature high‐pressure investigation of the cobalt‐59 NMR spectroscopy of aqueous K₃[Co(CN)₆]

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Accurate measurements of the viscosity of water in the temperature range 19.5–25.5°C

Cited by 45 publications

References 19 publications

Shaping the synaptic signal: molecular mobility inside and outside the cleft

Shaping the synaptic signal: molecular mobility inside and outside the cleft

Density and Microviscosity Studies of Palm Oil/Water Emulsions

Variable‐temperature high‐pressure investigation of the cobalt‐59 NMR spectroscopy of aqueous K3[Co(CN)6]

Contact Info

Product

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Variable‐temperature high‐pressure investigation of the cobalt‐59 NMR spectroscopy of aqueous K₃[Co(CN)₆]