Acetic Acid Influences BRL-3A Cell Lipid Metabolism via the AMPK Signalling Pathway

Abstract

Background/Aims: Acetic acid (AcOH), a short-chain fatty acid, is reported to have some beneficial effects on metabolism. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the regulatory mechanism of acetic acid on hepatic lipid metabolism in BRL-3A cells. Methods: We cultured and treated BRL-3A cells with different concentrations of sodium acetate (neutralized acetic acid) and BML-275 (an AMPKα inhibitor). The total lipid droplet area was measured by oil red O staining, and the triglyceride content was determined by a triglyceride detection kit. We detected mRNA and protein levels of lipid metabolism-related signalling molecules by RT-PCR and Western blot. Results: Acetic acid treatment increased AMPKα phosphorylation, which subsequently increased the expression and transcriptional activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α and upregulated the expression of lipid oxidation genes. These changes ultimate led to increasing levels of lipid oxidation in BRL-3A cells. Furthermore, elevated AMPKα phosphorylation reduced the expression and transcriptional activity of the sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c, which reduced the expression of lipogenic genes, thereby decreasing lipid biosynthesis in BRL-3A cells. Consequently, triglyceride content in acetate-treated BRL-3A cells was significantly decreased. Conclusions: These results indicate that acetic acid activates the AMPKα signalling pathway, leading to increased lipid oxidation and decreased lipid synthesis in BRL-3A cells, thereby reducing liver fat accumulation in vitro.

Acetate Revisited: A Key Biomolecule at the Nexus of Metabolism, Epigenetics and Oncogenesis—Part 1: Acetyl-CoA, Acetogenesis and Acyl-CoA Short-Chain Synthetases

“…These investigators found that acetate activation of the AMPKα signaling pathway led to increased lipid oxidation and decreased lipid synthesis. Later studies using a rat liver cell line confirmed that acetate administration increased AMPKα phosphorylation (Li et al, 2018). These findings make physiological sense if systemic acetate, like ketone bodies, signals mobilization of energy reserves where lipolysis and fatty acid β-oxidation are central.…”

Sodium butyrate ameliorates lipopolysaccharide‐induced cow mammary epithelial cells from oxidative stress damage and apoptosis

“…Western blot analysis of cells was performed as described previously . MAC‐T cells were treated with 1 μg/mL LPS for 9 hours before being exposed to 50 μM PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) for 1 hour and then 16 μM NaB for another 24 hours.…”

“…As an important energy source for the gastrointestinal tract, sodium butyrate (NaB) inhibits intestinal pathogenic bacteria and maintains gastrointestinal homeostasis . A previous study revealed that butyrate can suppress the inflammatory response and that this suppression is associated with modulating the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway and the abolition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced cytokine expression . Butyric acid supports mitochondrial function, stimulates oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid oxidation, upregulates physiological stress pathways, and is critical for colonocyte mitochondrial function in germ‐free mice .…”

“…8 A previous study revealed that butyrate can suppress the inflammatory response and that this suppression is associated with modulating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway and the abolition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokine expression. [9][10][11][12] Butyric acid supports mitochondrial function, stimulates oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid oxidation, 13 upregulates physiological stress pathways, and is critical for colonocyte mitochondrial function in germ-free mice. 14 These findings suggest that NaB may be a candidate for inflammation treatment.…”

Independent and combined effects of Satureja khuzistanica essential oils and acetic acid on prevalence and intensity of fatty liver syndrome in broiler chickens

“…On the other hand, certain organic acids such as acetic acid (AA) and its common solution "vinegar" are food additives permitted in feed and drinking water of poultry (acidifiers) anticipating accelerated nutrients digestion, absorption and metabolism through certain mechanisms (Ndelekwute, Unah, & Udoh, 2019). Acetic acid is suggested to reduce liver fat by activating the AMPK pathway (Li et al, 2018;Petsiou, Mitrou, Raptis, & Dimitriadis, 2014) and alleviates the inflammatory response and liver injury by increasing the expression of TRIM40 gene (Yang et al, 2019). Therefore, we hypothesized that based on the theoretical knowledge at hand, concomitant feeding of Satureja khuzistanica essential oils (SkEO) in graded levels and dietary AA may exert significant facilitating effects on lipids metabolism in broiler liver.…”