This study investigated the molecular mechanism by which sodium butyrate (NaB) causes oxidative stress damage induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on cow mammary epithelial cells (MAC‐T). We found that NaB significantly increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, peroxidase, and total antioxidant capacity and decreased the reactive oxygen species production in LPS‐induced MAC‐T cells. NaB attenuated protein damage and reduced apoptosis in LPS‐induced MAC‐T cells. The messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of caspase‐3, caspase‐9, and Bax decreased, while the Bcl‐2 mRNA level increased in LPS‐induced MAC‐T cells treated with NaB. Our results showed that NaB treatment increased the phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K) and phospho‐AKT (P‐AKT) protein levels, whereas it decreased the Bax, caspase‐3, and caspase‐9 protein levels in LPS‐induced MAC‐T cells. However, the increase in PI3K and P‐AKT protein levels and the decrease in Bax, caspase‐3, and caspase‐9 protein levels induced by NaB treatment were reversed when the cells were pretreated with LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor). These results indicate that NaB ameliorates LPS‐induced oxidative damage by increasing antioxidative enzyme activities and ameliorating protein damage in MAC‐T cells. In addition, NaB decreased apoptosis by inhibiting caspase‐3, caspase‐9, and Bax protein levels, and this action was mainly achieved via activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathways in LPS‐induced MAC‐T cells. These results provide substantial information for NaB as a chemical supplement to treat oxidative stress and its related diseases in ruminants.

Nickel-based superalloy Inconel 718 has been widely used in the modern aviation field, however, its cutting performance is poor. This performance not only affects the effectiveness of the use of the tool but also reduces the efficiency of production. In this article, the cemented carbide tools cutting nickel-based superalloy Inconel 718 was taken as an example to analyze the tool wear mechanism. The wear prediction model of tool wear with cutting parameters and cutting time was established according to the Archard agglomeration scavenging theory. Using the orthogonal test, the multiple regression analysis method was used to obtain the parameters of the model with the help of EXCELL. Then, the prediction model was verified from two directions. Finally a real-time monitoring method of tool wear based on cutting parameters was proposed.

Fresh-cut water fennel was treated with a novel complex chemical solution and subsequently packaged prior to refrigerated storage. Chlorophyll degradation and lignification were investigated. The complex solution consisted of 1.16 g/L calcium lactate, 150 mg/L zinc acetate, and 15.29 mg/L salicylic acid. Chlorophyllase, Mg-dechelatase, and chlorophyll-degrading peroxidase activities of water fennel decreased after immersion in the complex solution, which delayed chlorophyll degradation and increased * and* values. Complex solution treatment also reduced phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity and, thus, inhibited accumulation of lignin. After the complex solution treatment, packaging in high-density polypropylene plastic bags further retained chlorophylls and alleviated lignification of water fennel. Treatment with a complex chemical solution and subsequent packaging can maintain the quality, delay senescence, and improve the shelf life of water fennel.

Chinese dairy industries have developed rapidly, providing consumers with high-quality sources of nutrition. However, many problems have also appeared during the development process, especially the low quality of milk. To improve milk quality, a large amount of concentrated feed is usually added to the diet within a certain period of time, which increases the milk production to a certain extent. However, long-term feeding with high-concentration feed can lead to subacute rumen acidosis. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the effect of adding a buffer on subacute rumen acidosis, and the improvement of milk production and milk quality. We also aimed to study the mechanism of promoting mammary gland lactation. A total of 12 healthy mid-lactating goats were randomly divided into two groups, they were high-grain diet group (Control) and buffering agent group. To understand the effects of high-grain diets with buffers on amino acids in jugular blood and the effects of amino acids on milk protein synthesis, Milk-Testing™ Milkoscan 4000, commercial kits, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) measurements were integrated with the milk protein rate, the amino acid concentration in jugular venous blood samples, quantitative real-time PCR, comparative proteomics, and western blotting to study differentially expressed proteins and amino acids in mammary gland tissues of goats fed high-grain diets. Feeding lactating goats with buffering agent increased the percentage of milk protein in milk, significantly increased the amino acid content of jugular blood (p < 0.05), and increase the amino acid transporter levels in the mammary gland. Compared with the high-grain group, 2-dimensional electrophoresis technology, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight/time of flight proteomics analyzer, and western blot analysis further verified that the expression levels of beta casein (CSN2) and lactoferrin (LF) proteins in the mammary glands of lactating goats were higher when fed a high-grain diets and buffers. The mechanism of increased milk protein synthesis was demonstrated to be related to the activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway signals.

The implementation of "1+X" certificate system has played a positive role in promoting the vocational education of application-oriented undergraduate universities in China. Through field investigation, the authors found that current universities' curriculum can neither meet enterprises' needs of information talents, nor match the vocational education related to "Big data, intelligence, mobile Internet, cloud computing" ("BIMC" in abbreviation) information technology. It is difficult to meet the personalized needs of students. Thus, this paper puts forward how to construct course-certificate integrated curriculum system based on "BIMC" technology from the aspect that universities should establish the selection and elimination mechanism of x certificate based on big data analysis, revise the talent cultivation scheme, and by the construction of smart classroom and virtual simulation laboratory develop combined optional courses corresponding to x certificates. The research result is not only of great promoting effect for the x certificate pilot work, but prospective and enlightening for the cultivation of information technology talents in universities.