Acetonitrile in Body Fluids Related to Smoking

McKee, Herbert C.; Rhoades, John W.; Campbell, John K.; Gross, Arthur

doi:10.2307/4591551

Cited by 20 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…Additional molecules have been identified in human breath; for example, ammonia was measured in human breath in 1977 [5] and in 1979, Lovett et al reported the realtime analysis of ammonia [6]. Moreover, ethanol has also been determined in exhaled breath [7,8], and during the 1960s, acetonitrile was determined in exhaled breath, blood and urine of smokers [9]. Methanol was reported to be a part of human breath [10] at concentrations ranging from 0.06 to 0.32 μg l −1 (corresponding to 48-258 ppb).…”

Section: Breath Analysis and Its Historical Roots And Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first comprehensive review of breath analysis volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was presented by Antony Manolis [24]. This review discussed the presence of many compounds in human breath and proposed the use of breath analysis to quantify exposure to various exogenous toxic compounds (e.g., tetrachloroethylene) or 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol after smoking of marijuana.…”

Section: Breath Analysis and Its Historical Roots And Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The human volatilome: volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath, skin emanations, urine, feces and saliva

et al. 2014

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Breath analysis is a young field of research with its roots in antiquity. Antoine Lavoisier discovered carbon dioxide in exhaled breath during the period 1777-1783, Wilhelm (Vilém) Petters discovered acetone in breath in 1857 and Johannes Müller reported the first quantitative measurements of acetone in 1898. A recent review reported 1765 volatile compounds appearing in exhaled breath, skin emanations, urine, saliva, human breast milk, blood and feces. For a large number of compounds, real-time analysis of exhaled breath or skin emanations has been performed, e.g., during exertion of effort on a stationary bicycle or during sleep. Volatile compounds in exhaled breath, which record historical exposure, are called the 'exposome'. Changes in biogenic volatile organic compound concentrations can be used to mirror metabolic or (patho)physiological processes in the whole body or blood concentrations of drugs (e.g. propofol) in clinical settings-even during artificial ventilation or during surgery. Also compounds released by bacterial strains like Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Streptococcus pneumonia could be very interesting. Methyl methacrylate (CAS 80-62-6), for example, was observed in the headspace of Streptococcus pneumonia in concentrations up to 1420 ppb. Fecal volatiles have been implicated in differentiating certain infectious bowel diseases such as Clostridium difficile, Campylobacter, Salmonella and Cholera. They have also been used to differentiate other non-infectious conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease. In addition, alterations in urine volatiles have been used to detect urinary tract infections, bladder, prostate and other cancers. Peroxidation of lipids and other biomolecules by reactive oxygen species produce volatile compounds like ethane and 1-pentane. Noninvasive detection and therapeutic monitoring of oxidative stress would be highly desirable in autoimmunological, neurological, inflammatory diseases and cancer, but also during surgery and in intensive care units. The investigation of cell cultures opens up new possibilities for elucidation of the biochemical background of volatile compounds. In future studies, combined investigations of a particular compound with regard to human matrices such as breath, urine, saliva and cell culture investigations will lead to novel scientific progress in the field.

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Section: Breath Analysis and Its Historical Roots And Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Breath Analysis and Its Historical Roots And Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

The human volatilome: volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath, skin emanations, urine, feces and saliva

et al. 2014

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“…Smokers' breath, blood, and urine contain prominent concentrations of acetone and acetonitrile [290,291]. The concentration of acetone was found to be variable (approximately 400 ppb as the median), while acetonitrile depends on an individual's smoking habits (30-60 ppb in active smokers and 2-3 ppb in passive/nonsmokers) [134].…”

Section: Smokingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smelling the Disease: Diagnostic Potential of Breath Analysis

2023

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Breath analysis is a relatively recent field of research with much promise in scientific and clinical studies. Breath contains endogenously produced volatile organic components (VOCs) resulting from metabolites of ingested precursors, gut and air-passage bacteria, environmental contacts, etc. Numerous recent studies have suggested changes in breath composition during the course of many diseases, and breath analysis may lead to the diagnosis of such diseases. Therefore, it is important to identify the disease-specific variations in the concentration of breath to diagnose the diseases. In this review, we explore methods that are used to detect VOCs in laboratory settings, VOC constituents in exhaled air and other body fluids (e.g., sweat, saliva, skin, urine, blood, fecal matter, vaginal secretions, etc.), VOC identification in various diseases, and recently developed electronic (E)-nose-based sensors to detect VOCs. Identifying such VOCs and applying them as disease-specific biomarkers to obtain accurate, reproducible, and fast disease diagnosis could serve as an alternative to traditional invasive diagnosis methods. However, the success of VOC-based identification of diseases is limited to laboratory settings. Large-scale clinical data are warranted for establishing the robustness of disease diagnosis. Also, to identify specific VOCs associated with illness states, extensive clinical trials must be performed using both analytical instruments and electronic noses equipped with stable and precise sensors.

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“…The earliest analysis of volatile compounds in exhaled gas was performed by gas chromatography 206 although the compounds were not completely identified at that time, the early reports believed that some of the volatile chemicals in exhaled air may be associated with disease, such as acetonitrile which appears in blood, urine and breath of smokers, and smokers often suffer from lung diseases. 207 Currently, more and more biomarkers of exhaled breath are being identified related to disease. For instance, dimethylamine and trimethylamine appear in patients suffering from end-stage renal disease, 208 nitric oxide is a gas marker of asthma, 209 acetone is connected with diabetes, 210 ammonia is related to hepatitis, 210 etc.…”

Section: Applications Of Self-powered Biosensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%