Acetylation of lignin containing microfibrillated cellulose and its reinforcing effect for polylactic acid

Yetiş, Ferhat; Liu, Xuqing; Sampson, William W.; Gong, Rong

doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109803

Cited by 43 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Enhanced compatibility of aLNP and caLNP with PLA was expected from the results of the qualitative wettability assays in chloroform, in which both acetylation and modification of LNP with citric acid showed to improve their affinity for non-polar organic phases ( Section 2.1 ). Compatibilization of lignin with PLA through acetylation has been previously reported for micrometric lignin particles [ 12 , 29 , 30 , 57 ]. Similar behaviors have also been described for other commercial thermoplastic polymeric matrices such as cellulose triacetate and poly(methyl methacrylate), being also attributed to an improved interaction between components achieved from the acetylation of lignin [ 31 , 58 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

UV Protective, Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Compostable Polylactic Acid Composites Containing Pristine and Chemically Modified Lignin Nanoparticles

Cavallo

Luzi

et al. 2020

Molecules

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Polylactic acid (PLA) films containing 1 wt % and 3 wt % of lignin nanoparticles (pristine (LNP), chemically modified with citric acid (caLNP) and acetylated (aLNP)) were prepared by extrusion and characterized in terms of their overall performance as food packaging materials. Morphological, mechanical, thermal, UV–Vis barrier, antioxidant and antibacterial properties were assayed; appropriate migration values in food simulants and disintegration in simulated composting conditions were also verified. The results obtained indicated that all lignin nanoparticles succeeded in conferring UV-blocking, antioxidant and antibacterial properties to the PLA films, especially at the higher filler loadings assayed. Chemical modification of the fillers partially reduced the UV protection and the antioxidant properties of the resulting composites, but it induced better nanoparticles dispersion, reduced aggregates size, enhanced ductility and improved aesthetic quality of the films through reduction of the characteristic dark color of lignin. Migration tests and disintegration assays of the nanocomposites in simulated composting conditions indicated that, irrespectively of their formulation, the multifunctional nanocomposite films prepared behaved similarly to neat PLA.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

UV Protective, Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Compostable Polylactic Acid Composites Containing Pristine and Chemically Modified Lignin Nanoparticles

Cavallo

Luzi

et al. 2020

Molecules

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“…The result showed that the LCNF increased the water barrier, thermal and mechanical properties of the starch film. Another study conducted by Yetiş et al [ 48 ] on the acetylation of lignin-containing microfibrillated cellulose (Ac-MFLC) reinforced polylactic acid showed that Ac-MFLC significantly improved the crystallization rate of PLA. Bionanocomposites exhibited superior mechanical performance and thermal properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Unbleached and Bleached Nanocellulose on the Thermal and Flammability of Polypropylene-Reinforced Kenaf Core Hybrid Polymer Bionanocomposites

et al. 2020

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The thermal, thermo-mechanical and flammability properties of kenaf core hybrid polymer nanocomposites reinforced with unbleached and bleached nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) were studied. The studied chemical composition found that unbleached NCC (NCC-UB) had 90% more lignin content compared to bleached NCC (NCC-B). Nanocelluloses were incorporated within polypropylene (PP) as the matrix, together with kenaf core as a main reinforcement and maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) as a coupling agent via a melt mixing compounding process. The result showed that the thermal stability of the nanocomposites was generally affected by the presence of lignin in NCC-UB and sulfate group on the surface of NCC-B. The residual lignin in NCC-UB appeared to overcome the poor thermal stability of the composites that was caused by sulfation during the hydrolysis process. The lignin helped to promote the late degradation of the nanocomposites, with the melting temperature occurring at a relatively higher temperature of 219.1 °C for PP/NCC-UB, compared to 185.9 °C for PP/NCC-B. Between the two types of nanocomposites, PP/NCC-B had notably lower thermo-mechanical properties, which can be attributed to the poor bonding and dispersion properties of the NCC-B in the nanocomposites blend. The PP/NCC-UB showed better thermal properties due to the effect of residual lignin, which acted as a compatibilizer between NCC-UB and polymer matrix, thus improved the bonding properties. The residual lignin in PP/NCC-UB helped to promote char formation and slowed down the burning process, thus increasing the flame resistance of the nanocomposites. Overall, the residual lignin on the surface of NCC-UB appeared to aid better stability on the thermal and flammability properties of the nanocomposites.

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“…6492 The use of acetylated lignin in poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites has also been described in the literature. Yetiş et al (2020) isolated a high lignin content microfibrillated cellulose and modified its surface by acetylation with acetic anhydride to apply it as a reinforcement agent for PLA. Although base-catalyzed, the reaction had no effect on the crystalline structure of microfibrillated cellulose, resulting in lignincontaining PLA composites with improved mechanical properties and thermal stability.…”

Section: Esterificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lignin functionalization strategies and the potential applications of its derivatives – A Review

Suota

Kochepka

Moura

et al. 2021

BioRes

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Lignin is one of the most important and widespread carbon sources on Earth. Significant amounts of lignin are delivered to the market by pulp mills and biorefineries, and there have been many efforts to develop routes for its valorization. Over the years, lignin has been used to produce biobased chemicals, materials, and advanced biofuels on the basis of its variable functionalities and physicochemical properties. Today, lignin’s applications are still limited by its heterogeneity, variability, and low reactivity. Thus, modification technologies have been developed to allow lignin to be suitable for a wider range of attractive industrial applications. The most common modifications used for this purpose include amination, methylation, demethylation, phenolation, sulfomethylation, oxyalkylation, acylation or esterification, epoxidation, phosphorylation, nitration, and sulfonation. This article reviews the chemistry involved in these lignin modification technologies, discussing their effect on the finished product while presenting some market perspectives and future outlook to utilize lignin in sustainable biorefineries.

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Acetylation of lignin containing microfibrillated cellulose and its reinforcing effect for polylactic acid

Cited by 43 publications

References 61 publications

UV Protective, Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Compostable Polylactic Acid Composites Containing Pristine and Chemically Modified Lignin Nanoparticles

UV Protective, Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Compostable Polylactic Acid Composites Containing Pristine and Chemically Modified Lignin Nanoparticles

The Effects of Unbleached and Bleached Nanocellulose on the Thermal and Flammability of Polypropylene-Reinforced Kenaf Core Hybrid Polymer Bionanocomposites

Lignin functionalization strategies and the potential applications of its derivatives – A Review

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