Heterogeneous
photocatalytic reactions have experienced many efforts
in developing new materials to tackle environmental and energy crises
through utilizing appropriate photocatalysts in wastewater treatment,
H2 generation, organic transformations, CO2 reduction,
N2 photofixation, and biomass conversion. While these processes
are addressed in the literature separately, a recent innovative viewpoint
is to employ a photocatalytic system to achieve simultaneously two
or more functions. The challenging point is that the combination of
two functions in one photocatalytic system requires a novel design
and engineering of an appropriate semiconductor photocatalyst with
special characteristics for each application in a particular environment.
Recently, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)
with its unique physicochemical properties has gained tremendous attention
among researchers due to its great potential for utilization as a
dual-functional photocatalyst. In this study, the role of morphological
engineering and band gap manipulation in heterojunction formation
of g-C3N4 will be considered. These newly applied
strategies are useful to improve the photocatalytic activity of g-C3N4 in different simultaneous reactions. Furthermore,
detailed information on the application of g-C3N4-based materials in dual-functional simultaneous processes will be
discussed in different reactions: namely, (i) photocatalytic H2 generation combined with oxidation of organic pollutants,
(ii) photocatalytic mineralization of organic pollutants and reduction
of the obtained CO2, (iii) photocatalytic removal of a
mixture of organic pollutants and heavy metals, (iv) H+ and CO2 reduction, (v) photocatalytic H2 generation
in conjunction with oxidation of organic substrates/biomass to value-added
products, and (vi) simultaneous H2 and H2O2 production. These combined approaches could provide efficient
and sustainable strategies for simultaneous reactions involved in
both energy and environmental issues.