“…Savings were claimed due to lowered usage of a variety of resources. Examples include less employee time (e.g., fewer materials handlers and elimination of weekend cycle counting (Mistry, 2005a, 2005b), less overtime (Billesbach, 1994), shorter process time via better tooling (Deb et al, 2010), fewer production workers (Billesbach, 1994; Conti, 1996), and fewer hours lost to safety incidents and associated lower insurance premiums (Karuppan et al, 1996)); lowered inventory levels and associated holding costs (e.g., Billesbach, 1994; Kaplinsky, 1994); less need for facility space (e.g., due to less inventory on factory floor or in stock rooms [Kaplinsky, 1994; Mistry, 2005a, 2005b]), reduced use of material and labor (e.g., by reducing scrap and rework (Carmignani, 2017; Hung et al, 2011; Murugaiah et al, 2010; Orbak, 2012; Thomas et al, 2009), use of less or cheaper materials (Deb et al, 2010; Krovvidi et al, 2019; Randhawa & Ahuja, 2018) or by more exact filling of packages (Baia, 2015), less use of water (Kaushik & Khanduja, 2009; Pinto Jr. & Mendes, 2017), less energy consumption (Pinto Jr. & Mendes, 2017; Thomas et al, 2009), and lower production costs by rebalancing workers on machines (Kovács, 2020; Sarkar et al, 2015).…”