Achieving Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells in Ambient Air Through Non‐Halide Engineering

Wang, Zhen; Jin, Junjun; Zheng, Yapeng; Zhang, Xiang; Zhu, Zhenkun; Zhou, Yuan; Cui, Xiaxia; Li, Jinhua; Shang, Minghui; Zhao, Xingzhong; Liu, Sheng; Tai, Qidong

doi:10.1002/aenm.202102169

Cited by 50 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…[1,2] Benefiting from material innovation, advanced film deposition technologies as well as device structure optimization, the PCEs of PSCs are now exceeding 25%. [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] Perovskite can accommodate…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

NiO_x Nanocrystals with Tunable Size and Energy Levels for Efficient and UV Stable Perovskite Solar Cells

Cui

Jin

Zou

et al. 2022

Adv Funct Materials

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Solution‐processed nickel oxide nanocrystals (NiOx NCs) ink can be facilely applied to deposit NiOx thin films as the hole transport layer (HTL) for perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Both the efficiency and stability of the corresponding PSCs depend significantly on the size and the energy levels of the as‐synthesized NiOx NCs; however, previous studies have shown that these two aspects can be hardly controlled synchronously to maximize the device performance. Herein, a novel synthesis of highly dispersed NiOx NCs is demonstrated by employing tetraalkylammonium hydroxides (TAAOHs, alkyl = methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl) as precipitating bases, where the varied alkyl chain lengths of TAAOHs enable the size control of the NiOx NCs and the subsequent altering of their Ni3+ contents, leading to tunable energy levels of the NiOx thin films. With the longest butyl chain, the smallest crystal size and the optimal energy level alignment at the NiOx/perovskite interface are achieved. After further passivating the detrimental Ni3+ species on the surface of NiOx HTL, a remarkable power conversion efficiency (PCE) approaching 23% is obtained, which is one of the highest PCEs reported for NiOx‐based inverted PSCs. Furthermore, the unencapsulated device exhibits excellent ultraviolet stability, which maintains ≈87% of its PCE after 200 h exposure.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

NiO_x Nanocrystals with Tunable Size and Energy Levels for Efficient and UV Stable Perovskite Solar Cells

Cui

Jin

Zou

et al. 2022

Adv Funct Materials

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“…[ 12,39,40 ] In addition, some additives, such as lead thiocyanate or lead acetate, have also been reported to improve the quality of perovskite films in humid air by forming stable intermediate adducts to postpone crystallization. [ 15,17,41 ] Nonetheless, the interaction between the perovskite precursor in the solvent system (DMF/DMSO) and moisture is still a mystery. Humid‐air‐processed high‐quality FA‐based perovskite films are still lacking, and their PCEs remain lower than those of perovskite films processed in inert atmospheres.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[8][9][10][11][12][13] Even the well-studied methylamine lead iodine (MAPbI 3 ) perovskites exhibit uncontrollable crystallization in humid air, resulting in rough and pinhole-containing perovskite films with multiple defects and thus limiting their performance. [14][15][16][17] Formamidine (FA)-based perovskites have a narrower bandgap and superior stability than MAPbI 3 and have been widely applied in the preparation of high-performance PSCs. [18][19][20] However, it is more difficult to obtain FA-based high-quality perovskite films in humid air, because moisture not only does harm to the quality of the perovskite films but also blocks the formation of the perovskite black phase.…”

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confidence: 99%

A Universal Strategy of Intermolecular Exchange to Stabilize α‐FAPbI₃ and Manage Crystal Orientation for High‐Performance Humid‐Air‐Processed Perovskite Solar Cells

et al. 2022

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preparing PSCs out of the glovebox to eliminate expensive costs is necessary for further commercialization. [8][9][10][11][12][13] Even the well-studied methylamine lead iodine (MAPbI 3 ) perovskites exhibit uncontrollable crystallization in humid air, resulting in rough and pinhole-containing perovskite films with multiple defects and thus limiting their performance. [14][15][16][17] Formamidine (FA)-based perovskites have a narrower bandgap and superior stability than MAPbI 3 and have been widely applied in the preparation of high-performance PSCs. [18][19][20] However, it is more difficult to obtain FA-based high-quality perovskite films in humid air, because moisture not only does harm to the quality of the perovskite films but also blocks the formation of the perovskite black phase. Photoactive black α-FAPbI 3 has difficulty forming in humid air and easily transforms to photoinactive yellow δ-FAPbI 3 when exposed to moisture. [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] Due to these adverse effects of moisture, humid-air-processed PSCs exhibit a greatly reduced PCE compared to inert-gas-processed PSCs. Perovskite films are commonly prepared by solution methods. Polar solvents such as dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), or N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) are used to dissolve perovskite components, and they can easily bond with perovskite precursors. [29][30][31][32] Therefore, the crystallization and properties of perovskite films are closely related to the state of the solvent. High-quality perovskite films have frequently been obtained under inert gas. However, these polar solvents are sensitive to moisture, and their properties, such as volatility or solubility, [33,34] easily change in humid air, which makes the crystallization of perovskite films uncontrollable and causes inevitable problems, including carrier recombination or instability. Previous works have made great efforts to negate the negative effects of solvent changes in humid air. [9,35] Huang and co-workers reported that ionic liquid solvents have great potential for preparing different types of PSCs in humid air. [36][37][38] Increasing the temperature of the substrate is proven to be an efficient method to tune the crystallization kinetics by speeding up the volatilization of solvents in humid air, and this approach has been applied in several perovskite types. [12,39,40] In addition, Preparation of high-performance perovskite solar cells without strict environmental control is an inevitable trend of commercialization. Humidity is considered the main factor hindering perovskite performance. Formamidine (FA)-based perovskites suffer from the instability of photoactive black α-FAPbI 3, especially in humid air, and numerous defects in the surface and bulk of perovskite films limit their performance. In this work, long-chain n-heptylamine (nHA) is introduced via antisolvent engineering into an FA-based perovskite film. nHA removes the negative intermediate adduct and promotes the formation of α-FAPbI 3 at room temperature in humid air via intermo...

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“…[36] Undoubtedly, the preparation of high-quality perovskite films in an ambient air environment with a wide humidity operating window is a facile and effective route to reduce device manufacturing costs. [37][38][39][40][41][42] Therefore, by comprehensively considering device cost and stability, we believe that the ambient air-processed Cs x FA 1-x PbI 3 C-PSCs with high Cs content would be an ideal device structure and the most economical production conditions. Unfortunately, to our knowledge, there has been no report about the preparation of Cs x FA 1-x PbI 3 with high Cs content in a high-humidity air environment until now.…”

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confidence: 99%

Air‐Processed Carbon‐Based Cs_0.5FA_0.5PbI₃–Cs₄PbI₆ Heterostructure Perovskite Solar Cells with Efficiency Over 16%

Huang

Rao

et al. 2022

Solar RRL

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Due to the excellent photoelectric properties, lead halide perovskites have shown great application potential in photoelectric devices, especially in photovoltaic solar cells. [1] At present, the efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has reached the level of classic crystalline silicon solar cells. Therefore, the research focus of PSCs is gradually shifting toward improving device stability and reducing production costs. [2,3] Among them, hole transport layer (HTL)-free carbon electrode-based PSCs (C-PSCs), which avoid the use of expensive hole transport materials and noble metal electrodes, are regarded as low-cost devices with a simple structure. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] It is well known that the hydrophilic characteristic of the inorganic salt doped in the classical organic hole transport material (such as Spiro-OMeTAD) and the chemical reaction of the halogen with the metal electrode reduce the long-term stability of the corresponding device. [15,16] Therefore, C-PSCs can not only improve the stability of the device but also reduce the production cost, showing a superior commercial application prospect. [17][18][19][20] In terms of stability, methylamine (MA) is also a key factor limiting device stability due to its volatile characteristics. [21,22] Therefore, MA-free PSCs have received extensive attention in recent years. [14,[23][24][25][26][27][28] Currently, MA-free perovskites mainly include FAPbI 3 , CsPbI 3 , and Cs x FA 1-x PbI 3 with mixed cations. Because the ionic radius of FA þ (2.53 Å) is too large and Cs þ (1.88 Å) is too small, the lead iodine octahedral [PbI 6 ] can easily distort. [1] This causes the black phase of FAPbI 3 and CsPbI 3 to be thermodynamically unstable at room temperature, which limits their practical applications. The stability of the Cs x FA 1-x PbI 3 perovskite with mixed cations of FA þ and Cs þ has been significantly improved due to the complementarity of the tolerance factor, and it is also the most studied lightharvesting material in MA-free PSCs. [23,[29][30][31] According to literature reports, Cs x FA 1-x PbI 3 has good thermodynamic stability with a high Cs content between 40% and 60%. [32,33] This is mainly due to the optimized tolerance factor and entropy improvement for perovskite with these compositions. In addition, Cs x FA 1-x PbI 3 with high Cs content also has good application potential in tandem PSCs. [34] However, due to the large lattice mismatch and different phase-transition temperatures between FAPbI 3 and CsPbI 3 , it is difficult to prepare Cs x FA 1-x PbI 3 perovskites with high Cs content (>30%). [33][34][35]

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Achieving Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells in Ambient Air Through Non‐Halide Engineering

Cited by 50 publications

References 62 publications

NiO_x Nanocrystals with Tunable Size and Energy Levels for Efficient and UV Stable Perovskite Solar Cells

NiO_x Nanocrystals with Tunable Size and Energy Levels for Efficient and UV Stable Perovskite Solar Cells

A Universal Strategy of Intermolecular Exchange to Stabilize α‐FAPbI₃ and Manage Crystal Orientation for High‐Performance Humid‐Air‐Processed Perovskite Solar Cells

Air‐Processed Carbon‐Based Cs_0.5FA_0.5PbI₃–Cs₄PbI₆ Heterostructure Perovskite Solar Cells with Efficiency Over 16%

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Achieving Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells in Ambient Air Through Non‐Halide Engineering

Cited by 50 publications

References 62 publications

NiOx Nanocrystals with Tunable Size and Energy Levels for Efficient and UV Stable Perovskite Solar Cells

NiOx Nanocrystals with Tunable Size and Energy Levels for Efficient and UV Stable Perovskite Solar Cells

A Universal Strategy of Intermolecular Exchange to Stabilize α‐FAPbI3 and Manage Crystal Orientation for High‐Performance Humid‐Air‐Processed Perovskite Solar Cells

Air‐Processed Carbon‐Based Cs0.5FA0.5PbI3–Cs4PbI6 Heterostructure Perovskite Solar Cells with Efficiency Over 16%

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NiO_x Nanocrystals with Tunable Size and Energy Levels for Efficient and UV Stable Perovskite Solar Cells

NiO_x Nanocrystals with Tunable Size and Energy Levels for Efficient and UV Stable Perovskite Solar Cells

A Universal Strategy of Intermolecular Exchange to Stabilize α‐FAPbI₃ and Manage Crystal Orientation for High‐Performance Humid‐Air‐Processed Perovskite Solar Cells

Air‐Processed Carbon‐Based Cs_0.5FA_0.5PbI₃–Cs₄PbI₆ Heterostructure Perovskite Solar Cells with Efficiency Over 16%