Acid-activated organoclays: preparation, characterisation and catalytic activity of polycation-treated bentonites

Adsorption of acid dye from water onto pristine and acid-activated clays in fixed beds

“…Treatment of clays with acid at room temperature simple replaces the resident Ca and Na exchangeable ions with protons. However, the treatment with hot acid for 30 min alters the octahedral composition of clay reducing MgO and Fe 2 O 3 contents [29,30]. In contrast to pristine montmorillonite, the enhanced adsorption ability of acid-activated clay indicates that the present easy-to-follow activation process is effective and promising for future applications.…”

Inorganic-organic hybrids originating from organosilane anchored onto leached vermiculite

“…The resulting operation from leaching can yield favorable components that introduce pores in the final products. In case of porous silica this has proven useful as pollutants adsorbents [12][13][14][15] , catalyst supports [16][17][18] and cracking catalysts 19 . One of the most explored native clay material is vermiculite that can be naturally found as a 2:1 composition and its importance is reflected in many commercial applications 20,21 .…”

Modification of montmorillonite by quaternary polyesters

“…Polycation-modified clay is sufficiently organophilic to enable hydrocarbon and other pollutants removal from industrial waste water [15,16]. They can also be used as coagulants in drinking water treatment and as catalysts [17,18].…”