Acid Rain in Downtown São Paulo City, Brazil

Chemical Composition of Water Soluble Inorganic Species in Precipitation at Shihwa Basin, Korea

“…are useful for evaluating both anthropogenic and natural influences [8]. Soil particles in northern China, Africa, and the Middle East play an important role in neutralizing the acidic components of rain [9].…”

Rainwater toxicity and contamination study from São Paulo Metropolitan Region, Brazil

“…The literature reports a decreasing trend of rainwater free acidity from 1983 until 2003, and, since 1995, no monthly volume weight mean pH values below 4.5 have been observed (Fornaro and Gutz 2006). Regarding the MASP rainwater composition, literature reports that, besides the major ions (sulfate, nitrate, chloride, sodium, ammonium, potassium, and calcium), organic acids and hydrogen peroxide also occur as by-products of the photochemical reactions in the liquid phase (Fontenele et al 2009;Gonçalves et al 2010;Santos et al 2007;Castanho and Artaxo 2001).…”

“…In this sense, local sources largely influence the chemical composition of wet precipitation, which varies from site to site and region to region (Kulshrestha et al 2003;Singh et al 2007). Thus, pesticides tend to be more relevant to rural areas (Scheyer et al 2007), whereas ions, metals, and carboxylic acids are more common in urban areas (Santos et al 2007;Leal et al 2004;Polkowska et al 2005;Rouvalis et al 2009). …”

“…The metropolitan area of São Paulo (MASP) comprises one of the largest megalopolis of the world; with a population of over 19 million people (CETESB 2012) and a huge and increasing automotive fleet, this presents many environmental problems, including atmospheric pollution (Leal et al 2004;Lin et al 2004;Miraglia et al 2005;Santos et al 2007).…”

Avaliação da toxicidade de águas de chuva a organismos aquáticos

“…Também podem provocar efeitos diretos a florestas, diminuindo a biodiversidade, alterando assim, processos ecológicos (BYTNEROWICZ et al, 2005 (NIPPER et al, 2006;WATANABE et al, 2006;GRIFFIN et al, 2007 Paulo -SP LEAL et al, 2004;DOS SANTOS et al, 2007), na Serra do Mar -SP (FORTI et al, 2007) e na Bacia do rio Piracicaba -SP (LARA, et al, 2001).…”