“…They commonly consisted of clay 40 -75 %, feldspar 0 -18 %, and quartz 27 -50 % [3]. A lot of works have focused on the feasibility of replacing ceramic components by applying alternative raw materials [4,18], functional ceramic tiles with cleanability or photocatalytic properties [19] and the improvement of thermal property in order to increase the efficiency of construction materials in terms of reducing energy consumption for environmental friendliness [5,7,20]. For this purpose, pore forming agents including polymer particles [5,7], starch [21], carbon black [22], and biomass [23,24] have been widely studied as they can easily control the pore size as well as create the various porosity levels, leading to a reduction of thermal conductivity.…”