“…Compared with metal matrix composites, 1 ceramic matrix composites, 2 and carbon matrix composites, 3 polymer composites have the advantages of lightweight, high specific strength, easy processing and molding, insulation, and resistance to acid and alkali corrosion, [4][5][6][7] and are widely used in the fields of aerospace, 8,9 medical materials 10,11 and wearable devices. 12,13 By selecting different polymer matrices, functional fillers, and specific molding processes (e.g., high stretching, 8 high-shear-rate extrusion process, 14 magnetic field-induced orientation, 15 directional freezing, 16,17 and foaming 18 ), polymer composites can be developed toward excellent mechanical strength, high thermal conductivity coefficient (λ), 19,20 excellent electrical conductivity, 21 or other functional properties, 22,23 which has been increasingly used in fields such as microsensors, 24 biomedicine, 25 electrochemical energy storage, 26 and robotics. 27,28 In recent years, the rapid development of molding and processing technologies such as three-dimensional (3D) printing (or "additive manufacturing", 29 "rapid prototyping", 30 and "direct digital manufacturing" 31 ) has provided unprecedented control over material composition, geometry, and internal structure, and a significant impact on the optimized design and controlled manufacturing processes in aerospace, automotive, electronics, architecture and biomedical fields.…”