“…This work suggests that place of articulation can be distinguished by the four spectral moments (mean, variance, skewness and kurtosis of the frequency spectrum of the frication) (Forrest et al, 1988;Jongman, Wayland & Wong, 2000;Maniwa, Jongman & Wade, 2009), and by spectral changes in the onset of the subsequent vowel, particularly the second formant (Jongman, Wayland & Wong, 2000;Fowler, 1994;Maniwa, Jongman & Wade, 2009). Duration and amplitude of the frication are also related to place of articulation, primarily distinguishing sibilants from non-sibilants (Behrens & Blumstein, 1988;Baum & Blumstein, 1987;Crystal & House, 1988;Jongman, Wayland & Wong, 2000;Maniwa, Jongman & Wade, 2009;Strevens, 1960). Voicing is cued by changes in duration (Behrens & Blumstein, 1988;Baum & Blumstein, 1987;Jongman, Wayland & Wong, 2000;Maniwa, Jongman & Wade, 2009) and spectral properties (Stevens et al, 1992;Jongman, Wayland & Wong, 2000;Maniwa, Jongman & Wade, 2009).…”