Acoustic monitoring of a thermo-mechanical test simulating withdrawal in a gas storage salt cavern

Abstract

The natural gas storage in salt caverns requires fast injection / withdrawal cycles due to the increasing dynamics of the energy market. High rates induce rapid changes in the internal pressure of the stored gas causing important temperature changes susceptible to damage the rock salt mass. To experimentally observe this, the Starfish project led to initiate and characterize the damage caused by purely thermal stresses at the surface of a large bloc of rock in the salt Mine of Varangéville (France). The objective was to determine the type of failure mechanism involved with repeated cooling stages. Since the salt is favourable to the generation of Acoustic Emissions (AE) and the propagation of the stress waves, acoustic monitoring has been chosen as one of the methods to follow the impact of the salt cooling. In addition to thermal and mechanical sensors, an acoustic monitoring device consisting of 16 ultrasonic sensors has been installed on the free surface and in boreholes. It enabled to record and locate a large number of AE (58,426) located with good accuracy (2.5 cm). Those AE can be correlated to the evolution of salt fracturing. Acoustic activity is very intense at the start of each cooling cycle, then it decreases with time to reach a very low level (background) after about 15 days. The average localisation depth reached by the AE is about 90 cm during the first cooling period. For subsequent cooling cycles, this depth is limited to 74 cm. All these results show that the first cooling period is decisive, as it contains the strongest and deepest acoustic emissions. It would have been useful to know whether a first cycle with a lower temperature amplitude could have decreased the maximum amplitude and final depth of the AE. This crescendo approach would be useful for operators.

Experimental and numerical investigation into rapid cooling of rock salt related to high frequency cycling of storage caverns

“…Therefore, a fracture networkdeveloped progressively during the cycles; however, it should be noted that the extension of the cracks decreased with the number of cycles. Measurements from acoustic emission are consistent with the images interpretation 27 : the number of events reduced from one cycle to the next, with the first cycle producing 2-3 more events than the rest. Fig.…”

Mineralogy, microstructures and geomechanics of rock salt for underground gas storage

“…Monitoring of acoustic emissions was also employed to investigate the impact of salt cooling related to fast injection and withdrawal cycles. Studies have shown that the first cooling period displays the strongest and deepest acoustic emissions (Balland et al, 2018). If the cavern is not used for a long time, the F I G U R E 12 The variation of temperature and pressure in a rock salt cavern through time and space, adapted from W. Li et al (2023).…”

Mechanism of Loading Fracture of Coal Mass and Formation of Oil and Gas Disaster Channel in Coal and Oil Resources Costorage Area

“…is method only uses relative amplitude values adequate to resonant acoustic sensors, unlike moment tensor inversion methods or those using the direction of the first motion. According to [31], the damage evolution relationship of coal samples was established based on the time sequence of damage deterioration of characteristic signals obtained from waveform and spectrum analysis.…”