Acquired cardiovascular disease in adult patients with congenital heart disease

Substantial Cardiovascular Morbidity in Adults With Lower-Complexity Congenital Heart Disease

“…While the long-term risks of HF and arrhythmia associated with ACHD are well described 8,30,31 , morbidity from ACS and stroke in the ACHD population is a more recently recognized phenomenon due to increasing life expectancy 32,33 . In this study, the elevated risk of ACS and ischemic stroke associated with ACHD despite adjustment for atherosclerotic risk factors suggests a non-atherosclerotic etiology of cardiovascular disease.…”

It’s like balancing on a slackline—A description of how adults with congenital heart disease describe themselves in relation to physical activity

“…The improved survival may lead to long‐term complications and increased need for reinterventions when patients grow older (Baumgartner et al., ). Adults with CHD are exposed to the same, or even higher, risk of developing acquired cardiovascular disease as the general population (Bokma, Winter, et al., ; Bokma, Zegstroo, et al., ; Giannakoulas & Ntiloudi, ; Kuijpers, Vaartjes, Bokma, Mulder, & Bouma, ) and a recent study indicated an increased risk already in a younger age (Kuijpers et al., ). It is also known that a low level of physical activity is associated with increased risk for acquired cardiovascular disease (Heran et al., ; Longmuir et al., ; Naci & Ioannidis, ; Smith et al., ).…”

Heartbeat: phenotypic heterogeneity of bicuspid aortic valve disease

“…Giannakoulas and Ntiloudi4 point out that ACHD patients have a high risk of stroke compared with the general population. As shown in the study by Bokma and colleagues,3 these patients have additional risk factors for cardioembolic events related to their underlying ACHD anatomy and previous interventions (table 1).…”