Acquisition of Skeletal Conditioned Responses in Pavlovian Conditioning

Prokasy, William F.

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1984.tb02309.x

Cited by 30 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…This conclusion is also supported by the Griffin et al (2004) study, in which learning was retarded in the T--group only in the initial phase of conditioning. In sum, together with earlier findings, our results based on spontaneous brain activity recordings and the use of a standard trace paradigm, support Prokasy's (1984) theory of two distinct phases in learning: the first phase, including the formation of the CS-US association and the selection of the correct response, seems to be dependent on the hippocampal oscillatory activity, while the second phase of response acquisition is mediated by other brain structures, perhaps the medial prefrontal cortex (Takehara et al, 2003) or the cerebellum (for a review see Thompson, 2005).…”

Section: Hippocampal Theta Activity Is Crucial Only In the Initial Pasupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Recordings from multiple time periods were analyzed because the hippocampal theta activity is generally thought to reflect the state of awareness or openness to external stimulation, and this behavioral/motivational state is possibly altered by the presentation of the conditioning stimuli. The learning rate was quantified both in early (trials to 5 th CR, Thompson, Berry, Rinaldi, & Berger, 1979) and late (trials to asymptote) phases of learning 5 as defined by Prokasy (1984).We anticipated that the hippocampal theta ratio recorded before any training is connected to learning rate especially in the early phase of trace eyeblink conditioning (effect of theta-contingent conditioning: Griffin et al, 2004). We also expected to observe differing changes in the hippocampal theta ratio as a function of both training and learning.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hippocampal theta-band activity and trace eyeblink conditioning in rabbits.

Nokia

Penttonen

Korhonen

et al. 2009

Behavioral Neuroscience

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We aimed to examine the relationship between hippocampal theta activity and trace eyeblink conditioning. Hippocampal electrophysiological local field potentials were recorded before, during, and after conditioning or explicitly unpaired training sessions in adult male New Zealand White rabbits. As expected, a high relative power of theta activity (theta ratio) in the hippocampus predicted faster acquisition of the conditioned response during trace conditioning, but, contrary to previous results obtained using the delay paradigm, only in the initial stage of learning. The presentation of the conditioned stimulus overall elicited an increase in the hippocampal theta ratio. The theta ratio decreased in the unpaired group as a function of training, remained high throughout conditioning in the fast learners and rapidly increased in the slow learners initially showing a low theta ratio. Our results indicate a reciprocal connection between the hippocampal oscillatory activity and associative learning.The hippocampal theta ratio seems to reflect changes and differences in the subjects' alertness and responsiveness to external stimuli, which affect the rate of learning, and are in turn affected by both conditioning and unpaired training.

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Section: Hippocampal Theta Activity Is Crucial Only In the Initial Pasupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hippocampal theta-band activity and trace eyeblink conditioning in rabbits.

Nokia

Penttonen

Korhonen

et al. 2009

Behavioral Neuroscience

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show abstract

“…The learning criterion of asymptotic performance was considered to be met when the subject performed a CR on 8 of 9 consecutive paired or CS-alone trials or showed Ͼ50% CRs during a single session. Learning rate was defined as the number of conditioning trials needed to perform the fifth CR (phase 1) (Prokasy, 1984). To define the rate of extinction, a criterion of Ͻ30% CRs during one session was set.…”

Section: Recordings and Data Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Simultaneously trained animals in the yoked control (YC) group received trials regardless of their hippocampal oscillatory state. We hypothesized that the ripple-contingent (Rϩ) group would learn faster in the early, hippocampus-dependent phase of conditioning (Prokasy, 1984;Kim et al, 1995) due to the elevated responsiveness to the conditioned stimulus (Buzsáki, 1986). Alternatively, as ripples occur only in the explicit absence of theta oscillation (Buzsáki, 2002) and because trace conditioning in the explicit absence of theta oscillation has been shown to retard learning (Griffin et al, 2004), the Rϩ group could also learn at a slower rate, implying that the theta state is selectively beneficial for learning.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Acquisition of the CR in trace eyeblink conditioning requires intact hippocampal functioning; this is most likely because hippocampus is a structure crucially involved in the establishment of the CS-US contingency association (Shors, 2004), which is hypothesized to be phase 1 in the learning process (Prokasy, 1984). In fact, human studies show that trace eyeblink conditioning is impossible if the participant fails to verbally report the contingency of the CS and US (Clark and Squire, 1998) or severely retarded in the case of bilateral lesions of the medial temporal lobe (McGlinchey-Berroth et al, 1997).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Hippocampal Ripple-Contingent Training Accelerates Trace Eyeblink Conditioning and Retards Extinction in Rabbits

Nokia¹,

Penttonen²,

Wikgren³

2010

J. Neurosci.

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There are at least two distinct oscillatory states of the hippocampus that are related to distinct behavioral patterns. Theta (4 -12 Hz) oscillation has been suggested to indicate selective attention during which the animal concentrates on some features of the environment while suppressing reactivity to others. In contrast, sharp-wave ripples (ϳ200 Hz) can be seen in a state in which the hippocampus is at its most responsive to any kind of afferent stimulation. In addition, external stimulation tends to evoke and reset theta oscillation, the phase of which has been shown to modulate synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. Theoretically, training on a hippocampus-dependent learning task contingent upon ripples could enhance learning rate due to elevated responsiveness and enhanced phase locking of the theta oscillation. We used a brain-computer interface to detect hippocampal ripples in rabbits to deliver trace eyeblink conditioning and extinction trials selectively contingent upon them. A yoked control group was trained regardless of their ongoing neural state. Ripplecontingent training expedited acquisition of the conditioned response early in training and evoked stronger theta-band phase locking to the conditioned stimulus. Surprisingly, ripple-contingent training also resulted in slower extinction in well trained animals. We suggest that the ongoing oscillatory activity in the hippocampus determines the extent to which a stimulus can induce a phase reset of the theta oscillation, which in turn is the determining factor of learning rate in trace eyeblink conditioning.

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Hippocampal theta activity is selectively associated with contingency detection but not discrimination in rabbit discrimination‐reversal eyeblink conditioning

Nokia

Wikgren

2009

Hippocampus

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The relative power of the hippocampal theta‐band (∼6 Hz) activity (theta ratio) is thought to reflect a distinct neural state and has been shown to affect learning rate in classical eyeblink conditioning in rabbits. We sought to determine if the theta ratio is mostly related to the detection of the contingency between the stimuli used in conditioning or also to the learning of more complex inhibitory associations when a highly demanding delay discrimination‐reversal eyeblink conditioning paradigm is used. A high hippocampal theta ratio was not only associated with a fast increase in conditioned responding in general but also correlated with slow emergence of discriminative responding due to sustained responding to the conditioned stimulus not paired with an unconditioned stimulus. The results indicate that the neural state reflected by the hippocampal theta ratio is specifically linked to forming associations between stimuli rather than to the learning of inhibitory associations needed for successful discrimination. This is in line with the view that the hippocampus is responsible for contingency detection in the early phase of learning in eyeblink conditioning. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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Acquisition of Skeletal Conditioned Responses in Pavlovian Conditioning

Cited by 30 publications

References 25 publications

Hippocampal theta-band activity and trace eyeblink conditioning in rabbits.

Hippocampal theta-band activity and trace eyeblink conditioning in rabbits.

Hippocampal Ripple-Contingent Training Accelerates Trace Eyeblink Conditioning and Retards Extinction in Rabbits

Hippocampal theta activity is selectively associated with contingency detection but not discrimination in rabbit discrimination‐reversal eyeblink conditioning

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