“…However, sewage sludge tends to accumulate and concentrate heavy metals, organic contaminants and pathogenic organisms. The presence of such compounds, as well as excess nitrogen and phosphorus, presents a challenge in selecting the method of sludge disposal, both from an economical and environmentally perspective [Twardowska et al, 2004, Fijalkowski et al, 2017, Nebesnyi et al, 2019, Moroz et al, 2020. The use of sludge in agriculture is one of the most common methods of disposal in many EU countries.…”